Preface

Part IV The Classical Era

Prelude to Part IV

The Age of Enlightenment

War and Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

Music in Enlightenment Society

Chapter 11: The Art of the Natural Music and the Idea of Nature

Music in the Classical Era: A Stylistic Overview

The Elements of Classical Style

The Illusion of Order

Form and Style in the Mid-18^TH Century

The Emergence of Sonata Form

The Fantasia

CHAPTER 12: Instrumental Music in the Classical Era

The Language of Instrumental Music

Form and Genre in the Instrumental Music of the Classical Era

Sonata

String Quartet

Symphony

Concerto

CHAPTER 13: Vocal Music in the Classical Era

The Rise of Opera Buff

Opera Wars

Gluck and the Reform of Opera

Mozart and the Synthesis of Operatic Styles

Sacred Music

Song

Discussion Questions

Major Composers of the Classical Era

France

Great Britain

Italy

The Austrian Empire

Germany

North America

Part V The 19th Century

Prelude to Part V

Progress and Dislocation

Ideas and Ideologies

Reaction, Reform, and Revolution

The Musical World of the 19th Century

Chapter 14: The Age of the Tone Poet

Romanticism and the New Prestige of Instrumental Music

The Composer as High Priest

Originality and Historical Self-Consciousness

The New Dichotomy between Absolute and Program Music

Nationalism

The Growing Division between Art and Popular Music

Music in the 19th Century: A Stylistic Overview

Chapter 15: Orchestral Music, 1800—1850

Bigger Halls, Bigger Audiences, and Louder Instruments

The Symphony

Beethoven’s Symphonies

The Symphony after Beethoven

The Concert Overture

The Concerto

CHAPTER 16: Piano Music, Chamber Music, Song

Beethoven’s Piano Sonatas and String Quartets

Song

The Character Piece

The Virtuoso Showpiece

Chapter 17: Dramatic and Choral Music

Opera

Italy in the Early 19th Century: Rossini

Italy at Mid-century: Verdi

Opera and Politics

France: Grand Opéra and Opéra Comique

Germany: Weber to Wagner

The Elements of Wagnerian

Music Drama

Operetta

Choral Music

CHAPTER 18: Orchestral Music, 1850—1900

Music for Dancing and Marching

The Ballet

The Symphonic Poem

The Symphony

The Challenge of the Past: Brahms

Nationalism: DvoÇrák

The Collision of High and Low: Mahler

Discussion Questions

Major Composers of the 19th Century

France

Great Britain

Italy

Spain

Germany and Austria

Scandinavia

Bohemia

Russia

United States

Part VI The 20th Century

Prelude to Part VI

The Impact of Recorded Sound

Modernism: The Shock of the New

CHAPTER 19: The Growth of Pluralism from Homogeneity to Diversity

The Past Confronts the Present

Recorded Versus Live Music

Authenticity

The Uses of Music in the 20th-Century

Society

Music and the State

Music and Race

Music and Protest

Music Therapy

Ambient Music

Music in the 20th Century: A Stylistic Overview

CHAPTER 20: The Search for New Sounds, 1890—1945

Impressionism

Challenges to Tonality

Radical Primitivism

Nationalism

New Timbres

Chapter 21: Beyond Tonality

Atonality

Serial Composition

CHAPTER 22: The Tonal Tradition

Neoclassicalism and the “New Objectivity”

Orchestral Music

Film Music

Ballet

Chamber Music

Opera and Musical Theatre

The Oratorio

CHAPTER 23: New Currents after 1945

The Quest for Innovation

Combinarotiality

Dissonant Counterpart

Integral Serialism

Aleatory Music

Electronic Music

Minimalism

Postmodernism

Major Composers of the 20th Century

France

Great Britain

Italy

Spain

Greece

Germany and Austria

Scandinavia

Hungary

Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic

Poland

Russia and the Soviet Union

Latin America

United States

CHAPTER 24: The Popular Music of America and Its Influence

Before 1900

Ragtime and Blues

Ragtime

Blues

Popular Song

Jazz: to 1945

Jazz: after 1945

Country Music

The Folk Revival

Rhythm, Rock and Rap

Discussion Questions

Epilogue: Music at the Beginning of a New Century

Appendices

Glossary

Index

PART 1. WRITING

1. Thinking, Reading, and Viewing Critically

a. Think critically

b. Read actively and critically

c. View actively and critically

2. Preparing

a. Experiment and explore

b. Invent and prewrite.

c. Gather information while avoiding plagiarism

d. Plan and organize

3. Composing

a. Review your electronic journal

b. Draft on a computer

c. Collaborate

d. Be flexible about your writing process

4. Rewriting

a. Shift from writer to reader

b. Revise

c. Edit

d. Proofread

e. Give and receive feedback electronically

f. STUDENT SAMPLE: Final paper.

5. Structuring Paragraphs

a. Unified paragraphs

b. Organizational patterns

c. Sentence-linking techniques

d. Verb tense, person, and number

e. Parallelism and coherence

f. Appropriate paragraph length

g. Link paragraphs with key words

h. Effective introductions and conclusions

6. Constructing and Evaluating Arguments

a. Arguable thesis

b. Supporting evidence

STUDENT SAMPLE: Annotated argument paper

c. Understand alternative views.

d. Test your main points

e. Build a compelling case

f. Structure your argument

g. Avoid fallacies

h. Electronic argument

i. Visual argument

PART 2. RESEARCH

7. The Research Project

a. Become a researcher

b. Make a Schedule

c. Research notebook

d. Working bibliography

e. Background information

f. Focused research

8. Using the Internet for Research

a. Use Internet sources

b. Know the Internet and Web

c. Search the Internet and Web

d. STUDENT SAMPLE:  Database searches

e. STUDENT SAMPLE:  Internet searches  

9. Evaluating Electronic and Print Sources

a. Legitimate sources

b. STUDENT SAMPLE: Web links evaluation

10. Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism.

a. Use sources responsibly.

b. Avoid plagiarism in using sources

STUDENT SAMPLE: Inadvertent plagiarism

c.  Paraphrase accurately.

d.  Avoid plagiarism in paraphrasing

STUDENT SAMPLE: Intentional plagiarism

e.  Summarize briefly

f.  Avoid plagiarism in summarizing

g.  Quote sparingly

h.  Avoid plagiarism in quoting

11. Writing the Research Paper

a. Rhetorical stance and thesis

b. Plan your structure

c. Write a draft

d. Review and revise your draft

e. Follow formatting conventions

PART 3. MLA DOCUMENTATION

12. MLA Documentation

A DIRECTORY TO MLA STYLE

a. Integrate sources and avoid plagiarism

b. In-text citations

c. Bibliographic footnotes and endnotes

d. Works Cited Page

e. STUDENT SAMPLE: Annotated research paper in MLA format

PART 4. APA, CMS, AND CSE DOCUMENTATION

13. APA, CMS, and CSE Documentation

APA System

a. Integrate sources and avoid plagiarism

b. In-text citations

c. Content notes

d. References Page

e. STUDENT SAMPLE: Annotated research report in APA format

CMS System

f. Integrate sources and avoid plagiarism

g. In-text citations

h. Notes

i. Bibliography entries

CSE System

j. Integrate sources and avoid plagiarism

k. In-text citations

l. References list

PART 5. DESIGN IN PRINT AND ON THE WEB

14. Design Principles and Graphics

a. Three design principles

b. Formatting tools

c. Graphics

d. Review your document

15. Designing Web Documents

a. Basic design

b. Planning

c. Writing

PART 6. WRITING FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES

16. Electronic Communications

a. The rhetoric of etools

b. Email

c. Online networks

d. Instant communication (IMs, TMs)

e. Web course tools     

17. Writing in the Disciplines

a. Disciplinary research

b. Disciplinary discourse

18. Writing about Literature

a. Read literature critically

b. Purpose, persona, and audience

c. Claim and thesis

d. Appropriate person and tense

e. Write your literature paper

STUDENT SAMPLE (MLA): Literary interpretation

19. Writing in the Natural and Social Sciences

a. Types of writing

b. Purpose and audience

c. STUDENT SAMPLES (APA and CSE): Research reports

20. Business Writing  

a. Business letters

STUDENT SAMPLE: Business letter

b. Letters of application

STUDENT SAMPLE: Letters of application

c. Résumés

STUDENT SAMPLE: Résumé

d. Memos

STUDENT SAMPLE: Memo

21. Oral Presentations  

a. Preparing

b. Select visual aids

c. Practice, practice, practice

d. Speak with enthusiasm and focus

e. Design overhead transparencies

c. Use PowerPoint^TM

22. Essay Exams and Portfolios

a. Preparing

b. The essay writing process

c. STUDENT SAMPLES: Essay exam responses

d. Prepare a writing portfolio

PART 7. CORRECT SENTENCES

23. Sentence Structure

a. Parts of speech

b. Basic sentence patterns

c. Expanding sentences

d. Classifying sentences

24. Pronoun Problems

a. Number and gender agreement

b. Noun antecedents

c. This, that, which, and it

d. That and which

e. Subjective case

f. Objective case

g. Compound constructions

h. Interrogative pronouns & relative pronouns

i. Possessive pronouns

j. Comparisons

25. Verbs

a. Regular verb forms

b. Common irregular verb forms

c. Auxiliary verbs

d. Tenses

e. Sequence of tenses

f. Transitive and intransitive verbs

g. Active and passive voice

h. Mood

26. Subject-Verb Agreement

a. Plural and singular subjects and verbs

b. Compound subjects

c. Disjunctive subjects

d. Indefinite pronouns

e. Collective nouns

f. Plural form but singular meaning

g. Linking verbs

h. With there or here  

27. Adjectives and Adverbs

a. Adjectives

b. Overuse of nouns as modifiers.

c. Adverbs .

d. Commonly confused adjectives and adverbs

e. Comparative and superlative forms

PART 8.  COMMON GRAMMAR PROBLEMS

28. Sentence Fragments

a. Grammatically complete sentences

b. Connect dependent clauses

c. Connect phrases

d. Sentence fragments for special effect

29. Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences

a. Creating a subordinate clause

b. Separating clauses (comma, conjunction)

c. Separating clauses (semicolon)

d. Separating clauses (period)

30. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

a. Positioning modifiers

b. Avoid ambiguity

c. Lengthy modifiers

d. Disruptive modifiers

e. Dangling modifiers

31. Faulty Shifts

a. Focus

b. Verb tense and mood

c. Tone

d. Mixed constructions

e. Subjects and predicates

f. Direct and indirect discourse

PART 9. EFFECTIVE SENTENCES AND WORDS

32. Clarity and Conciseness

a. Length

b. Repetition and redundancy

c. Expletives

d. Passive voice

e. Wordiness

f. Noun-heavy style

g. Express meaning precisely

h. That to clarify sentence structure

i. Comparisons

33. Coordination and Subordination

a. Combine closely related sentences

b. Coordinate related sentences

c. Subordinate less important ideas

34. Parallelism

a. Parallel content in parallel form

b. Lists and series

c. With correlative conjunctions

d. Comparisons or contrasts

e. Complete, clear parallel constructions

35. Variety

a. Length.

b. Structure

c. Repetition

36. Choosing the Right Words

a. Denotation

b. Connotation

c. Level of formality

d. Jargon, slang, or dialect

e. Pretentiousness

f. Figurative language

37. Language and Power

a. "Correctness"

b. Language and identity

c. Gender

d. Race and ethnicity

e. Age and other differences

38. Using a Thesaurus and Dictionary

PART 10. PUNCTUATION

39. End Punctuation

THE PERIOD

THE QUESTION MARK

THE EXCLAMATION POINT

40. The Comma

41. The Semicolon

42. The Colon

43. The Apostrophe

44. Quotation Marks

45. Other Punctuation Marks

PARENTHESES

DASHES

BRACKETS

ELLIPSES

SLASHES

PART 11. MECHANICS AND SPELLING

46. Capital Letters and Italics

CAPITAL LETTERS

ITALICS

47. Abbreviations and Numbers.

ABBREVIATIONS

NUMBERS

48. The Hyphen

49. Spelling

PART 12. ESL ISSUES

50. Tips on Nouns and Articles

51. Tips on Verbs

PHRASAL VERBS

VERB COMPLEMENTS

VERBS OF STATE

MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

52. Tips on Word Order

53. Tips on Vocabulary

Glossary of Usage

Cross-Curricular Resource Atlas

 Index

PART 1. WRITING

1. Thinking, Reading, and Viewing Critically

a. Think critically

b. Read actively and critically

c. View actively and critically

2. Preparing

a. Experiment and explore

b. Invent and prewrite.

c. Gather information while avoiding plagiarism

d. Plan and organize

3. Composing

a. Review your electronic journal

b. Draft on a computer

c. Collaborate

d. Be flexible about your writing process

4. Rewriting

a. Shift from writer to reader

b. Revise

c. Edit

d. Proofread

e. Give and receive feedback electronically

f. STUDENT SAMPLE: Final paper.

5. Structuring Paragraphs

a. Unified paragraphs

b. Organizational patterns

c. Sentence-linking techniques

d. Verb tense, person, and number

e. Parallelism and coherence

f. Appropriate paragraph length

g. Link paragraphs with key words

h. Effective introductions and conclusions

6. Constructing and Evaluating Arguments

a. Arguable thesis

b. Supporting evidence

STUDENT SAMPLE: Annotated argument paper

c. Understand alternative views.

d. Test your main points

e. Build a compelling case

f. Structure your argument

g. Avoid fallacies

h. Electronic argument

i. Visual argument

PART 2. RESEARCH

7. The Research Project

a. Become a researcher

b. Make a Schedule

c. Research notebook

d. Working bibliography

e. Background information

f. Focused research

8. Using the Internet for Research

a. Use Internet sources

b. Know the Internet and Web

c. Search the Internet and Web

d. STUDENT SAMPLE:  Database searches

e. STUDENT SAMPLE:  Internet searches  

9. Evaluating Electronic and Print Sources

a. Legitimate sources

b. STUDENT SAMPLE: Web links evaluation

10. Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism.

a. Use sources responsibly.

b. Avoid plagiarism in using sources

STUDENT SAMPLE: Inadvertent plagiarism

c.  Paraphrase accurately.

d.  Avoid plagiarism in paraphrasing

STUDENT SAMPLE: Intentional plagiarism

e.  Summarize briefly

f.  Avoid plagiarism in summarizing

g.  Quote sparingly

h.  Avoid plagiarism in quoting

11. Writing the Research Paper

a. Rhetorical stance and thesis

b. Plan your structure

c. Write a draft

d. Review and revise your draft

e. Follow formatting conventions

PART 3. MLA DOCUMENTATION

12. MLA Documentation

A DIRECTORY TO MLA STYLE

a. Integrate sources and avoid plagiarism

b. In-text citations

c. Bibliographic footnotes and endnotes

d. Works Cited Page

e. STUDENT SAMPLE: Annotated research paper in MLA format

PART 4. APA, CMS, AND CSE DOCUMENTATION

13. APA, CMS, and CSE Documentation

APA System

a. Integrate sources and avoid plagiarism

b. In-text citations

c. Content notes

d. References Page

e. STUDENT SAMPLE: Annotated research report in APA format

CMS System

f. Integrate sources and avoid plagiarism

g. In-text citations

h. Notes

i. Bibliography entries

CSE System

j. Integrate sources and avoid plagiarism

k. In-text citations

l. References list

PART 5. DESIGN IN PRINT AND ON THE WEB

14. Design Principles and Graphics

a. Three design principles

b. Formatting tools

c. Graphics

d. Review your document

15. Designing Web Documents

a. Basic design

b. Planning

c. Writing

PART 6. WRITING FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES

16. Electronic Communications

a. The rhetoric of etools

b. Email

c. Online networks

d. Instant communication (IMs, TMs)

e. Web course tools     

17. Writing in the Disciplines

a. Disciplinary research

b. Disciplinary discourse

18. Writing about Literature

a. Read literature critically

b. Purpose, persona, and audience

c. Claim and thesis

d. Appropriate person and tense

e. Write your literature paper

STUDENT SAMPLE (MLA): Literary interpretation

19. Writing in the Natural and Social Sciences

a. Types of writing

b. Purpose and audience

c. STUDENT SAMPLES (APA and CSE): Research reports

20. Business Writing  

a. Business letters

STUDENT SAMPLE: Business letter

b. Letters of application

STUDENT SAMPLE: Letters of application

c. Résumés

STUDENT SAMPLE: Résumé

d. Memos

STUDENT SAMPLE: Memo

21. Oral Presentations  

a. Preparing

b. Select visual aids

c. Practice, practice, practice

d. Speak with enthusiasm and focus

e. Design overhead transparencies

c. Use PowerPoint^TM

22. Essay Exams and Portfolios

a. Preparing

b. The essay writing process

c. STUDENT SAMPLES: Essay exam responses

d. Prepare a writing portfolio

PART 7. CORRECT SENTENCES

23. Sentence Structure

a. Parts of speech

b. Basic sentence patterns

c. Expanding sentences

d. Classifying sentences

24. Pronoun Problems

a. Number and gender agreement

b. Noun antecedents

c. This, that, which, and it

d. That and which

e. Subjective case

f. Objective case

g. Compound constructions

h. Interrogative pronouns & relative pronouns

i. Possessive pronouns

j. Comparisons

25. Verbs

a. Regular verb forms

b. Common irregular verb forms

c. Auxiliary verbs

d. Tenses

e. Sequence of tenses

f. Transitive and intransitive verbs

g. Active and passive voice

h. Mood

26. Subject-Verb Agreement

a. Plural and singular subjects and verbs

b. Compound subjects

c. Disjunctive subjects

d. Indefinite pronouns

e. Collective nouns

f. Plural form but singular meaning

g. Linking verbs

h. With there or here  

27. Adjectives and Adverbs

a. Adjectives

b. Overuse of nouns as modifiers.

c. Adverbs .

d. Commonly confused adjectives and adverbs

e. Comparative and superlative forms

PART 8.  COMMON GRAMMAR PROBLEMS

28. Sentence Fragments

a. Grammatically complete sentences

b. Connect dependent clauses

c. Connect phrases

d. Sentence fragments for special effect

29. Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences

a. Creating a subordinate clause

b. Separating clauses (comma, conjunction)

c. Separating clauses (semicolon)

d. Separating clauses (period)

30. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

a. Positioning modifiers

b. Avoid ambiguity

c. Lengthy modifiers

d. Disruptive modifiers

e. Dangling modifiers

31. Faulty Shifts

a. Focus

b. Verb tense and mood

c. Tone

d. Mixed constructions

e. Subjects and predicates

f. Direct and indirect discourse

PART 9. EFFECTIVE SENTENCES AND WORDS

32. Clarity and Conciseness

a. Length

b. Repetition and redundancy

c. Expletives

d. Passive voice

e. Wordiness

f. Noun-heavy style

g. Express meaning precisely

h. That to clarify sentence structure

i. Comparisons

33. Coordination and Subordination

a. Combine closely related sentences

b. Coordinate related sentences

c. Subordinate less important ideas

34. Parallelism

a. Parallel content in parallel form

b. Lists and series

c. With correlative conjunctions

d. Comparisons or contrasts

e. Complete, clear parallel constructions

35. Variety

a. Length.

b. Structure

c. Repetition

36. Choosing the Right Words

a. Denotation

b. Connotation

c. Level of formality

d. Jargon, slang, or dialect

e. Pretentiousness

f. Figurative language

37. Language and Power

a. "Correctness"

b. Language and identity

c. Gender

d. Race and ethnicity

e. Age and other differences

38. Using a Thesaurus and Dictionary

PART 10. PUNCTUATION

39. End Punctuation

THE PERIOD

THE QUESTION MARK

THE EXCLAMATION POINT

40. The Comma

41. The Semicolon

42. The Colon

43. The Apostrophe

44. Quotation Marks

45. Other Punctuation Marks

PARENTHESES

DASHES

BRACKETS

ELLIPSES

SLASHES

PART 11. MECHANICS AND SPELLING

46. Capital Letters and Italics

CAPITAL LETTERS

ITALICS

47. Abbreviations and Numbers.

ABBREVIATIONS

NUMBERS

48. The Hyphen

49. Spelling

PART 12. ESL ISSUES

50. Tips on Nouns and Articles

51. Tips on Verbs

PHRASAL VERBS

VERB COMPLEMENTS

VERBS OF STATE

MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

52. Tips on Word Order

53. Tips on Vocabulary

Glossary of Usage

Cross-Curricular Resource Atlas

 Index

I. WRITING.

1. Writing to Learn

a. Why do we write?

b. How important is writing to success?

c. How do we communicate effectively?

d. Has technology changed how we write?

e. How can this handbook help?

2. Critical Thinking, Reading, and Viewing.

a. Think critically

b. Read actively and critically

c. View actively and critically

3. Preparing.

a. Overview of the writing process.

b. Experiment and explore

c. Invent and prewrite.

d. Gather information

e. Plan and organize.

4. Composing.

a. Review

b. Draft

c. Collaborate

d. STUDENT SAMPLE: Draft

5. Rewriting.

a. Shift from writer to reader

b. Revise

c. Edit

d. Proofread

e. Give and receive feedback

f. STUDENT SAMPLE: Final paper.

6. Structuring Paragraphs

a. Unified paragraphs

b. Organizational patterns

c. Sentence-linking techniques

d. Verb tense, person, and number.

e. Parallelism and coherence

f. Appropriate length.

g. Link with key words

h. Effective introductions and conclusions

7. Formulating Arguments.

a. Arguable thesis

b. Purpose and audience.

c. Supporting evidence

STUDENT SAMPLE: Argument paper

d. Understand alternative views.

e. Test your main points

f. Build a compelling case

g. Avoid fallacies

h. Structure your argument

i. Electronic argument.

j. Visual argument.

II. RESEARCH.

8. The Research Project

a. Become a researcher.

b. Scheduling

c. Research notebook

d. Working bibliography

e. Background information

f. Focused research

9. Using the Internet for research

a. Use Internet sources

b. Know the Internet and Web

c. Search the Internet and Web

STUDENT SAMPLES:  Database and Internet searches 

10. Evaluating Electronic and Print Sources.

a. Legitimate sources.

STUDENT SAMPLE: Web links evaluation

11. Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism.

a. Use sources responsibly.

b. Avoid plagiarism in using sources

c.  Paraphrase accurately.

d.  Avoid plagiarism in paraphrasing

e.  Summarize briefly

f.  Avoid plagiarism in summarizing

g.  Quote sparingly

h.  Avoid plagiarism in quoting

12. Writing the Research Paper.

a. Rhetorical stance and thesis.

b. Plan your structure.

c. Write a draft.

d. Review and revise your draft.

e. Follow formatting conventions.

STUDENT SAMPLE: Annotated research paper.

13. MLA Documentation Format.

A DIRECTORY TO MLA STYLE

14. APA Documentation Format.

A DIRECTORY TO APA STYLE

.

15. CMS and CSE Formats.

A DIRECTORY TO Chicago Manual STYLE

A DIRECTORY TO CSE STYLE

III. WRITING IN THE DISCIPLINES

16. Writing in the Disciplines

a. Disciplinary research

b. Disciplinary discourse

17. Writing in the Humanities.

a. Types of writing

b. Literary interpretation and analysis

STUDENT SAMPLE (MLA):Literary interpretation

STUDENT SAMPLE (MLA): Literary analysis

d. Internet and library resources.

A DIRECTORY FOR THE HUMANITIES

18. Writing in the Natural Sciences.

a. Types of writing

b. Write objectively

STUDENT SAMPLE (CSE): Research report.

d. Internet and library resources.

A DIRECTORY FOR THE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLGY

19. Writing in the Social Sciences

a. Types of writing

b. Write persuasively

STUDENT SAMPLE (APA): Research report

d. Internet and library resources

A DIRECTORY FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES.

IV. DESIGN IN PRINT AND ON THE WEB.

20. Design Principles

a. Three design principles

b. Formatting tools

c. Graphics

d. Downloading images

e. Different norms and preferences.

21. Designing Print Documents.

a. A simple brochure

b. A simple newsletter

22. Designing Web Documents.

a. Basic design

b. Planning

c. Writing

V. WRITING FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES.

23. Electronic Communication

a. The rhetoric of etools

b. Email

c. Online networks

d. Instant communication (IMs, TMs)

e. Web course tools     

24. Business Writing  

a. Business letters.

b. Letters of application.

c. Résumés

d. Reports

b. Memos.

25. Oral Presentations  

a. Preparing

b. Select visual aids .

c. Practice, practice, practice.

d. Speak with enthusiasm and focus.

e. Design overhead transparencies.

c. Use PowerPoint^TM effectively.

26. Essay Exams.

a. Preparing

b. The essay writing process

STUDENT SAMPLES: Essay exam responses

27. Writing Portfolios.

a. Learn about portfolios

b. Develop a writing portfolio

c. Prepare the final document.

STUDENT SAMPLE: Cover letter

VI. SENTENCE GRAMMAR.

28. Sentence Structure.

a. Parts of speech.

b. Basic sentence patterns.

c. Expanding sentences.

d. Classifying sentences.

29. Pronoun Case.

a. Subjects and complements

b. Objects

c. Compound constructions

d. Who or whom

e. Possessive adjectives and pronouns.

f. Comparisons

30. Verbs.

a. Regular verb forms.

b. Common irregular verb forms.

c. Auxiliary verbs.

d. Tenses.

e. Sequence of tenses.

f. Transitive and intransitive verbs

g. Active and passive voice.

h. Mood.

31. Agreement.

a. Plural and singular subjects and verbs

b. Modified subjects.

c. Compound subjects

d. Subjects joined by or or nor

e. Indefinite pronouns

f. Collective nouns

g. Plural form but singular meaning

h. Linking verbs

i. With there or here and to be

32. Adjectives and Adverbs.

a. Adjectives

b. Overuse of nouns as modifiers.

c. Adverbs .

d. Good and well or bad and badly

e. Comparative and superlative forms

VII. CORRECT SENTENCES.

33. Sentence Fragments.

a. Grammatically complete sentences

b. Connect dependent clauses.

c. Connect phrases.

d. Sentence fragments for special effect.

34. Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences.

a. Creating a subordinate clause.

b. Separating clauses (comma, conjunction)

c. Separating clauses (semicolon)

d. Separating clauses (period)

35. Pronoun Reference.

a. Noun antecedents.

b. Agreement

c. This, that, which, and it.

d. Mixed uses of it.

e. That, which, and who.

f. Sexist pronouns

36. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers.

a. Positioning modifiers.

b. Avoid ambiguity.

c. Lengthy modifiers

d. Disruptive modifiers.

e. Dangling modifiers.

37. Faulty Shifts.

a. Person and number.

b. Verb tense, mood, subject, and voice.

c. Tone.

d. Mixed constructions.

e. Subjects and predicates.

f. Direct and indirect discourse.

VIII. EFFECTIVE SENTENCES.

38. Clarity and Conciseness.

a. Length.

b. Repetition and redundancy.

c. Expletives

d. Passive voice .

e. Wordiness

f. Noun-heavy style.

g. Express meaning precisely.

h. That to clarify sentence structure.

i. Comparisons .

j. Multiple negation.

39. Coordination and Subordination.

a. Combine closely related sentences.

b. Coordinate related sentences

c. Subordinate less important ideas.

40. Parallelism.

a. Parallel content in parallel form.

b. Lists and series.

c. With correlative conjunctions.

d. Comparisons or contrasts.

e. Complete, clear parallel constructions

f. Coherence.

41. Emphasis.

a. End-weight.

b. Selective repetition.

c. Contrast.

d. Careful word choice.

42. Variety.

a. Length.

b. Structure.

c. Repetition.

d. Different standards and purposes.

IX. EFFECTIVE WORDS.

43. Choosing the Right Words.

a. Denotation.

b. Connotation.

c. Level of formality.

d. Jargon, slang, or dialect.

e. Pretentiousness.

f. Figurative language

44. Language And Power.

a. "Correctness."

b. Language and identity.

c. Gender .

d. Race and ethnicity.

e. Age.

f. Other differences.

45. Building a Powerful Vocabulary.

a. Roots, prefixes, and suffixes.

b. Denotations and connotations.

c. Related words.

46. Using a Thesaurus and a Dictionary.

a. A thesaurus to find the exact word.

b. A dictionary to learn about words.

47. Spelling.

a. Spell checker.

b. Homophones.

c. Common spelling errors.

d. General spelling rules and patterns.

X. PUNCTUATION.

48. End Punctuation.

THE PERIOD

THE QUESTION MARK

THE EXCLAMATION POINT.

49. The Comma.

a. After an introductory phrase or clause.

b. To separate independent clauses.

c. Between items in a series.

d. To separate coordinate adjectives.

e. To set off nonessential elements.

f. To set off conjunctive adverbs.

g. With dates, places, titles and numbers.

h. With speaker tags.

i. With markers of direct address.

j. Misuse of commas.

50. The Semicolon.

a. With independent clauses 

b. With a conjunctive adverb.

c. In a series 

d. Placement

e. Common semicolon errors.

51. The Colon.

a.  In lists or appositives

b.  With independent clauses 

c. To introduce quotations.

d. In titles.

e. In business correspondence

f. In numbers and addresses.

52 The Apostrophe.

a. Possession.

b. Contractions and omitted letters.

c. Plural forms.

d. Misusing the apostrophe.

53 Quotation Marks.

a. For exact direct quotations.

b. To suggest skepticism 

c. To indicate shifts in register.

d. With titles of short works.

e. Standard punctuation practice 

54 Other Punctuation Marks.

PARENTHESES

DASHES

BRACKETS

ELLIPSES.

SLASHES

XI. MECHANICS.

55. Capital Letters and Italics

56. Abbreviations and Numbers.

57. The Hyphen.

a. In compounds.

b. In adjectives before nouns.

c. In spelled-out fractions and numbers 

d. To avoid ambiguity 

e. For end-of-line word division.

XII. ESL ISSUES.

58. Tips on Nouns and Articles.

59. Tips on Verbs.

PHRASAL VERBS

VERB COMPLEMENTS

VERBS OF STATE.

MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.

60. Tips on Word Order.

61. Tips on Vocabulary.

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms.

Glossary of Usage.

CROSS-CURRICULAR RESOURCE ATLAS

I. WRITING.

1. Writing to Learn

a. Why do we write?

b. How important is writing to success?

c. How do we communicate effectively?

d. Has technology changed how we write?

e. How can this handbook help?

2. Critical Thinking, Reading, and Viewing.

a. Think critically

b. Read actively and critically

c. View actively and critically

3. Preparing.

a. Overview of the writing process.

b. Experiment and explore

c. Invent and prewrite.

d. Gather information

e. Plan and organize.

4. Composing.

a. Review

b. Draft

c. Collaborate

d. STUDENT SAMPLE: Draft

5. Rewriting.

a. Shift from writer to reader

b. Revise

c. Edit

d. Proofread

e. Give and receive feedback

f. STUDENT SAMPLE: Final paper.

6. Structuring Paragraphs

a. Unified paragraphs

b. Organizational patterns

c. Sentence-linking techniques

d. Verb tense, person, and number.

e. Parallelism and coherence

f. Appropriate length.

g. Link with key words

h. Effective introductions and conclusions

7. Formulating Arguments.

a. Arguable thesis

b. Purpose and audience.

c. Supporting evidence

STUDENT SAMPLE: Argument paper

d. Understand alternative views.

e. Test your main points

f. Build a compelling case

g. Avoid fallacies

h. Structure your argument

i. Electronic argument.

j. Visual argument.

II. RESEARCH.

8. The Research Project

a. Become a researcher.

b. Scheduling

c. Research notebook

d. Working bibliography

e. Background information

f. Focused research

9. Using the Internet for research

a. Use Internet sources

b. Know the Internet and Web

c. Search the Internet and Web

STUDENT SAMPLES:  Database and Internet searches 

10. Evaluating Electronic and Print Sources.

a. Legitimate sources.

STUDENT SAMPLE: Web links evaluation

11. Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism.

a. Use sources responsibly.

b. Avoid plagiarism in using sources

c.  Paraphrase accurately.

d.  Avoid plagiarism in paraphrasing

e.  Summarize briefly

f.  Avoid plagiarism in summarizing

g.  Quote sparingly

h.  Avoid plagiarism in quoting

12. Writing the Research Paper.

a. Rhetorical stance and thesis.

b. Plan your structure.

c. Write a draft.

d. Review and revise your draft.

e. Follow formatting conventions.

STUDENT SAMPLE: Annotated research paper.

13. MLA Documentation Format.

A DIRECTORY TO MLA STYLE

14. APA Documentation Format.

A DIRECTORY TO APA STYLE

.

15. CMS and CSE Formats.

A DIRECTORY TO Chicago Manual STYLE

A DIRECTORY TO CSE STYLE

III. WRITING IN THE DISCIPLINES

16. Writing in the Disciplines

a. Disciplinary research

b. Disciplinary discourse

17. Writing in the Humanities.

a. Types of writing

b. Literary interpretation and analysis

STUDENT SAMPLE (MLA):Literary interpretation

STUDENT SAMPLE (MLA): Literary analysis

d. Internet and library resources.

A DIRECTORY FOR THE HUMANITIES

18. Writing in the Natural Sciences.

a. Types of writing

b. Write objectively

STUDENT SAMPLE (CSE): Research report.

d. Internet and library resources.

A DIRECTORY FOR THE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLGY

19. Writing in the Social Sciences

a. Types of writing

b. Write persuasively

STUDENT SAMPLE (APA): Research report

d. Internet and library resources

A DIRECTORY FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES.

IV. DESIGN IN PRINT AND ON THE WEB.

20. Design Principles

a. Three design principles

b. Formatting tools

c. Graphics

d. Downloading images

e. Different norms and preferences.

21. Designing Print Documents.

a. A simple brochure

b. A simple newsletter

22. Designing Web Documents.

a. Basic design

b. Planning

c. Writing

V. WRITING FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES.

23. Electronic Communication

a. The rhetoric of etools

b. Email

c. Online networks

d. Instant communication (IMs, TMs)

e. Web course tools     

24. Business Writing  

a. Business letters.

b. Letters of application.

c. Résumés

d. Reports

b. Memos.

25. Oral Presentations  

a. Preparing

b. Select visual aids .

c. Practice, practice, practice.

d. Speak with enthusiasm and focus.

e. Design overhead transparencies.

c. Use PowerPoint^TM effectively.

26. Essay Exams.

a. Preparing

b. The essay writing process

STUDENT SAMPLES: Essay exam responses

27. Writing Portfolios.

a. Learn about portfolios

b. Develop a writing portfolio

c. Prepare the final document.

STUDENT SAMPLE: Cover letter

VI. SENTENCE GRAMMAR.

28. Sentence Structure.

a. Parts of speech.

b. Basic sentence patterns.

c. Expanding sentences.

d. Classifying sentences.

29. Pronoun Case.

a. Subjects and complements

b. Objects

c. Compound constructions

d. Who or whom

e. Possessive adjectives and pronouns.

f. Comparisons

30. Verbs.

a. Regular verb forms.

b. Common irregular verb forms.

c. Auxiliary verbs.

d. Tenses.

e. Sequence of tenses.

f. Transitive and intransitive verbs

g. Active and passive voice.

h. Mood.

31. Agreement.

a. Plural and singular subjects and verbs

b. Modified subjects.

c. Compound subjects

d. Subjects joined by or or nor

e. Indefinite pronouns

f. Collective nouns

g. Plural form but singular meaning

h. Linking verbs

i. With there or here and to be

32. Adjectives and Adverbs.

a. Adjectives

b. Overuse of nouns as modifiers.

c. Adverbs .

d. Good and well or bad and badly

e. Comparative and superlative forms

VII. CORRECT SENTENCES.

33. Sentence Fragments.

a. Grammatically complete sentences

b. Connect dependent clauses.

c. Connect phrases.

d. Sentence fragments for special effect.

34. Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences.

a. Creating a subordinate clause.

b. Separating clauses (comma, conjunction)

c. Separating clauses (semicolon)

d. Separating clauses (period)

35. Pronoun Reference.

a. Noun antecedents.

b. Agreement

c. This, that, which, and it.

d. Mixed uses of it.

e. That, which, and who.

f. Sexist pronouns

36. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers.

a. Positioning modifiers.

b. Avoid ambiguity.

c. Lengthy modifiers

d. Disruptive modifiers.

e. Dangling modifiers.

37. Faulty Shifts.

a. Person and number.

b. Verb tense, mood, subject, and voice.

c. Tone.

d. Mixed constructions.

e. Subjects and predicates.

f. Direct and indirect discourse.

VIII. EFFECTIVE SENTENCES.

38. Clarity and Conciseness.

a. Length.

b. Repetition and redundancy.

c. Expletives

d. Passive voice .

e. Wordiness

f. Noun-heavy style.

g. Express meaning precisely.

h. That to clarify sentence structure.

i. Comparisons .

j. Multiple negation.

39. Coordination and Subordination.

a. Combine closely related sentences.

b. Coordinate related sentences

c. Subordinate less important ideas.

40. Parallelism.

a. Parallel content in parallel form.

b. Lists and series.

c. With correlative conjunctions.

d. Comparisons or contrasts.

e. Complete, clear parallel constructions

f. Coherence.

41. Emphasis.

a. End-weight.

b. Selective repetition.

c. Contrast.

d. Careful word choice.

42. Variety.

a. Length.

b. Structure.

c. Repetition.

d. Different standards and purposes.

IX. EFFECTIVE WORDS.

43. Choosing the Right Words.

a. Denotation.

b. Connotation.

c. Level of formality.

d. Jargon, slang, or dialect.

e. Pretentiousness.

f. Figurative language

44. Language And Power.

a. "Correctness."

b. Language and identity.

c. Gender .

d. Race and ethnicity.

e. Age.

f. Other differences.

45. Building a Powerful Vocabulary.

a. Roots, prefixes, and suffixes.

b. Denotations and connotations.

c. Related words.

46. Using a Thesaurus and a Dictionary.

a. A thesaurus to find the exact word.

b. A dictionary to learn about words.

47. Spelling.

a. Spell checker.

b. Homophones.

c. Common spelling errors.

d. General spelling rules and patterns.

X. PUNCTUATION.

48. End Punctuation.

THE PERIOD

THE QUESTION MARK

THE EXCLAMATION POINT.

49. The Comma.

a. After an introductory phrase or clause.

b. To separate independent clauses.

c. Between items in a series.

d. To separate coordinate adjectives.

e. To set off nonessential elements.

f. To set off conjunctive adverbs.

g. With dates, places, titles and numbers.

h. With speaker tags.

i. With markers of direct address.

j. Misuse of commas.

50. The Semicolon.

a. With independent clauses 

b. With a conjunctive adverb.

c. In a series 

d. Placement

e. Common semicolon errors.

51. The Colon.

a.  In lists or appositives

b.  With independent clauses 

c. To introduce quotations.

d. In titles.

e. In business correspondence

f. In numbers and addresses.

52 The Apostrophe.

a. Possession.

b. Contractions and omitted letters.

c. Plural forms.

d. Misusing the apostrophe.

53 Quotation Marks.

a. For exact direct quotations.

b. To suggest skepticism 

c. To indicate shifts in register.

d. With titles of short works.

e. Standard punctuation practice 

54 Other Punctuation Marks.

PARENTHESES

DASHES

BRACKETS

ELLIPSES.

SLASHES

XI. MECHANICS.

55. Capital Letters and Italics

56. Abbreviations and Numbers.

57. The Hyphen.

a. In compounds.

b. In adjectives before nouns.

c. In spelled-out fractions and numbers 

d. To avoid ambiguity 

e. For end-of-line word division.

XII. ESL ISSUES.

58. Tips on Nouns and Articles.

59. Tips on Verbs.

PHRASAL VERBS

VERB COMPLEMENTS

VERBS OF STATE.

MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.

60. Tips on Word Order.

61. Tips on Vocabulary.

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms.

Glossary of Usage.

CROSS-CURRICULAR RESOURCE ATLAS

I. THE WRITING PROCESS.

1. What Is Academic Writing?

What is the proper subject of academic writing?

Characteristics of academic writing.

The Academic Writer’s Handbook.

2. Preparing to Write in an Academic Setting.

Understanding your assignment.

Generating ideas and information.

Selecting, organizing, expanding information.

3. Writing a Working Thesis and a First Draft.

Writing a working thesis.

Writing a first draft.

Sample student paper: first draft.

4. Revising the Paper.

Global revision: bringing your main ideas into focus.

Section-level revision: developing your main idea.

Sentence-level revision.

Responding to editorial advice from peers and instructors.

Sample student paper: final draft “keep the laptops, change the teaching”

5. Paragraphs: Building Blocks of Academic Writing.

Unity: giving each paragraph a controlling idea and sticking to it.

Coherence: moving from sentence to sentence with a plan.

Developing the content of paragraphs.

Writing and revising introductions and conclusions.

6. Document Design.

Text and document design.

Images and document design.

The importance of document design.

II. WORKING WITH INDIVIDUAL SOURCES.

7. Understanding and Evaluating Print Sources.

Understanding print sources.

Evaluating print sources.

Example evaluation.

Reading sources carefully.

8. Understanding and Evaluating Web Sites and Images.

Understanding web sites.

Evaluating web sites.

Understanding images.

Evaluating images.

9. Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting Sources.

Referring to sources.

Summarizing and paraphrasing sources.

Quoting sources.

Altering quotations.

Weaving summaries, paraphrases, and quotations into your paragraphs.

10. Avoiding Plagiarism.

Citing sources.

Causes of plagiarism.

Rules for avoiding plagiarism.

Determining common knowledge.

Plagiarism and the internet.

Collaborating and plagiarism.

III. RESEARCH: LOCATING AND SYNTHESIZING MULTIPLE SOURCES.

11.  The Research Process.

Defining the task: topic, purpose, and audience.

Identifying your research question.

Generating a plan for research.

Devising a working thesis and writing a draft.

Record-keeping: creating a working bibliography.

12. Locating Electronic and Print Sources.

Reviewing sources for preliminary research and reading.

Focusing your research.

Locating sources on the web.

Additional web sites for researchers.

Bringing your research to an end.

13. Synthesizing Sources.

Understanding your purpose for synthesizing sources.

Creating an index to your sources.

Building the paper by working with your index.

Demonstration synthesis: building a source-based paper

IV. MLA DOCUMENTATION.

14. Using the MLA System of Documentation.

Quick index–MLA documentation basics.

In-text citations in MLA format.

Entries in the MLA works cited list.

V. APA, CMS, CSE DOCUMENTATION.

15. Using the APA, CMS, and CSE Systems of Documentation.

Quick index–APA documentation basics.

In-text citations in the APA style format.

Entries in the APA references list.

CMS system of documentation.

First and subsequent references in CMS notes.

CMS note style.

CSE system of documentation.

In-text citations in the CSE format.

Entries in the CSE references list.

VI. WRITING IN THE DISCIPLINES.

16. Writing in the Humanities.

Areas of interest.

Writing in the humanities.

17. Writing in the Social Sciences.

Areas of interest.

Writing in the social sciences.

18. Writing in the Sciences.

Areas of interest.

Writing in the sciences.

19. Applying Principles of Academic Writing to Business Settings.

The fundamentals of business communication.

Writing e-mails and instant messages.

Writing letters of inquiry, complaint, and application.

Writing resumes (paper and web-based).

Making oral presentations.

VII. LIBRARY OF ACADEMIC WRITING.

20. Summary.

Summary defined.

Preparing for summary.

Writing the summary.

Example summary in the humanities: the grapes of wrath by John Steinbeck (as written by student Josh Harris).

Example summary in the social sciences: nickel and dimed: on (not) getting by in America by Barbara Ehrenreich (as written by student Anna Chin).

21. Explanation.

Explanation defined.

Planning and writing the paper.

A note on audience.

Example explanation in the social sciences: the ‘idea’ of money by Aaron Cooper.

Example explanation in the sciences: North American elk by Michael Maya.

22. Argument.

Academic argument defined

Making a claim.

Establishing yourself as trustworthy.

Supporting your claim with logical reasons.

Supporting your claim with emotional reasons.

Avoiding fallacies of evidence and logic.

Responding to counterarguments.

Writing your argument.

Example argument in the sciences: comparison of two strains of wine-producing yeasts by Clarence S. Ivie III.

Example argument in the humanities: the role of in Kate Chopin’s “a shameful affair” by Brandy Brooks.

23. Analysis.

Analysis defined.

Planning and writing the paper.

Measures of a successful analysis.

Example analysis in the social sciences: the coming Apart of a dorm society by Edward Peselman.

Example analysis in the sciences: earthworms as indicators of toxicity by Jennifer Smith.

24. Critique.

Critique defined.

Critiques as part of a larger paper.

Planning and writing a paper-length critique.

Example critique in the humanities: continue teaching heart of darkness by Eleanor Russell.

Example critique in the social sciences: television and attention disorders by Paulo Ludivici.

25. Writing Essay Exams.

Essay exam writing defined.

Planning and writing the essay.

A note on “big ideas”.

Example essay in the humanities by Alex Sigorsky.

Example essay in the sciences by Michael Theoharides.

26. Web Pages.

The unique qualities of web-based documents.

Planning the content.

Creating the web site’s structure.

Designing the pages.

Building the site.

Example website: the Ndebele wallpainting project by students at the Evergreen State College-Tacoma.

VIII. EDITING FOR CORRECTNESS.

27. Constructing Sentences.

The five basic sentence patterns.

Sentence parts.

Phrases.

Clauses.

Sentence clarification.

28. Correcting Sentence Fragments.

Dependent clauses.

Phrases.

Repeating structures or compound predicates.

29. Correcting Comma Splices and Fused Sentences.

Common circumstances for fused sentences and comma splices.

Five ways of correcting fused sentences and comma splices.

30. Using Verbs.

Consistent use of principal verb parts.

Irregular verb forms.

Auxiliary verbs.

Transitive and intransitive verbs.

Verb tense.

Verb tense sequencing.

Active and passive voices.

The uses of mood.

31. Correcting Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement.

Third-person subject number and verb agreement.

Singular or plural third-person subject and verb.

32. Using Adjectives and Adverbs.

Adjectives and adverbs.

Adjectives and linking verbs.

Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs.

Comparative and superlative relationships.

Double comparisons, double superlatives, and double negatives.

Past and present participles as adjectives

33. Correcting Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers.

Modifiers and the words they should modify.

Limiting modifiers.

Squinting modifiers.

Disruptive modifiers.

Avoiding dangling modifiers.

34. Using Nouns and Pronouns.

Pronouns as subjects.

Pronouns as objects.

Possessive nouns and pronouns.

Pronouns in the objective or subjective case in compound constructions     .

Pronouns paired with a noun.

Appropriate pronoun case (whose, who, whom, whoever, whomever).

Pronoun case and comparison.

35. Correcting Errors in Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement.

Pronouns-antecedent agreement.

Clear pronoun reference.

36. Correcting Errors in Consistency.

Shifts in person and number.

Shifts in tense, mood, and voice.

Consistent use of direct or indirect discourse.

Clear, grammatical relations between sentence parts.

Consistent relations between subjects and predicates

Constructions with missing words.

Consistent, complete, and clear comparisons.

37. Correcting Faulty Parallelism.

Parallel words, phrases, and clauses with coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet.

Parallelism with correlative conjunctions: either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/but also.

Parallelism in sentences with compared and contrasted elements.

IX. EDITING FOR CLARITY AND EMPHASIS.

38. Clear, Concise, and Direct Sentences.

Wordiness.

Strong verbs.

39. Building Emphasis with Coordination and Subordination.

Coordinating conjunctions (and/but) and conjunctive adverbs (consequently).

Subordinating conjunctions (while, when, because).

Mixing coordination and subordination for sentence variety.

40. Choosing the Right Word.

Dictionary entries.

Vocabulary building.

The impact of word choices.

Setting a tone for your papers.

Biased, dehumanizing language.

X. PUNCTUATION.

41. Using End Punctuation.

The period.

The question mark.

The exclamation point.

42. Using Commas.

Commas with introductory and concluding expressions.

Commas before a coordinating conjunctions.

Commas between items in a series.

Commas to set off nonsequential elements.

Conventions of quoting, naming, and various forms of separation.

Misuse or overuse of commas.

43. Using Semicolons.

Linking independent clauses.

Linking independent clauses with a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore).

Linking independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction (and, but).

Separating items in a series.

Quotation marks and semicolons.

44. Using Apostrophes.

Possession with nouns and pronouns.

Contractions marking the omission of letters and numbers.

Plural forms of letters, numbers, and symbols.

45. Using Quotation Marks.

Direct quotations.

Dialogue and other material.

Misuse or overuse of quotation marks.

46. Using Other Marks.

The colon.

Dashes for emphasis.

Parentheses to set off nonessential information.

Brackets for editorial clarification.

Ellipses to indicate a break in continuity.

The slash.

XI. MECHANICS AND SPELLING.

47. Using Capitals.

The first letter of the first word in every sentence.

Words of significance in a title.

The first word in every line of poetry, according to conventions.

Proper nouns.

48. Using Italics.

Words for specific emphasis.

Words, letters, and numbers to be defined or identified.

Titles of book-length works.

The internet.

49. Using Abbreviations.

Titles of rank both before and after proper names.

Specific dates and numbers.

Acronyms, uppercase abbreviations, and corporate abbreviations.

Parenthetical and bibliographic references.

Misuse of abbreviations.

50. Using Numbers in Writing.

Numbers that begin sentences and one- or two-word numbers.

Conventional use of numbers.

51. Using Hyphens.

Compound words.

Word divisions at the end of a line.

52. Making Spelling Decisions.

Homonyms and commonly confused words.

Basic rules for ie/ei.

Rules for using prefixes.

Rules for using suffixes.

Rules for forming plurals.

XII. ESL REFERENCE GUIDE.

53.  Using English Nouns, Pronouns, and Articles.

Using different classes of English nouns.

Using articles with nouns.

Using nouns with prepositions.

54.  Using English Verbs.

Distinguishing different types of verbs and verb constructions.

Changing verb forms.

Changing word order with verbs.

Using the helping verbs: auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries.

Choosing gerunds and infinitives with verbs.

Using two- and three-word verbs, or phrasal verbs, with particles.

55.  Using Modifiers and Connectors in English Sentences.

Using single-word adjectives and nouns as modifiers of nouns.

Using adjectival modifiers with linking verbs and prepositions.

Positioning adverbial modifiers.

Using phrases and clauses to modify nouns and pronouns.

Combining phrases and clauses with connecting words.

Arranging cumulative modifiers.

Glossary of Usage. 

Index

Leonard J. Rosen
Academic Writer’s Handbook, Second Edition

• Complete coverage of the writing and research process, and guidance on writing for every course, with 14 model student papers.
• A focus on source-based writing with an emphasis on avoiding plagiarism. The book gives you clear instructions for properly locating and evaluating sources, as well as summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting the work of others.
• Comprehensive grammar, punctuation, and mechanics sections help you write better with clear instructions. Helpful across-the-curriculum examples explain the rules behind the instructions and exercises allow you to put your skills into practice.

Key material available only in the second edition:

• New, extended coverage of academic writing teaches you how to create papers for all of your courses that are informed, clear, well structured, and based on evidence.
• New tools for getting exactly what you need out of your research and becoming comfortable using your library’s subscription databases (Chapter 12).
• New source samples show you how to correctly cite books, online periodicals, and articles from a library subscription service (Chapters 14 to 15).

Visit us at www.ablongman.com

Jeffrey Reiman is the William Fraser McDowell Professor of Philosophy at American University in Washington, D.C. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1942. He received his B.A. in philosophy from Queens College in 1963, and his Ph.D. in philosophy from Pennsylvania State University in 1968. He was a Fulbright Scholar in India during 1966–1967. He joined the American University faculty in 1970, in the Center for the Administration of Justice (now called the Department of Justice, Law and Society of the School of Public Affairs). After several years of holding a joint appointment in the Justice program and the Department of Philosophy and Religion, Dr. Reiman joined the Department of Philosophy and Religion full-time in 1988, becoming director of the Master’s Program in Philosophy and Social Policy. He was named William Fraser McDowell Professor of Philosophy in 1990. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Kappa Phi honor societies, and past president of the American University Phi Beta Kappa chapter. In addition to The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison: Ideology, Class, and Criminal Justice, Dr. Reiman is the author of In Defense of Political Philosophy (1972), Justice and Modern Moral Philosophy (1990), Critical Moral Liberalism: Theory and Practice (1997), The Death Penalty: For and Against (with Louis P. Pojman, 1998), Abortion and the Ways We Value Human Life (1999), and more than 60 articles in philosophy and criminal justice journals and anthologies. He is also coeditor, with Paul Leighton, of the anthology Criminal Justice Ethics (2001).

Paul Leighton is a Professor in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminology at Eastern Michigan University. He received his B.A. in Criminal Justice from the State University of New York at Albany in 1986, and is indebted to Graeme Newman for helping to direct him away from law school to the Justice, Law and Society program at American University. While at American University, he met Jeffrey Reiman and assisted with revisions of the fourth edition of The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison. He has worked on every edition since then. Dr Leighton received his Ph.D. in Sociology and Justice from American University in 1995. He has been the North American Editor of Critical Criminology: An International Journal, and was named Critical Criminologist of the Year by the American Society of Criminology’s Division on Critical Criminology. Dr. Leighton is the co-author of Punishment for Sale (with Donna Selman, 2010) and Class, Race, Gender and Crime (with Gregg Barak and Jeanne Flavin, 2^nd edition, 2007). He is also coeditor, with Jeffrey Reiman, of the anthology Criminal Justice Ethics (2001). In addition to his publications, Dr Leighton is webmaster for StopViolence.com, PaulsJusticePage.com and PaulsJusticeBlog.com. He is Vice President of the local chapter of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) and is Vice President of the Board of SafeHouse, the local shelter and advocacy center for victims of domestic violence and sexual assault.

COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Crime Control in America

Editors’ introduction

Albert Blumstein,  Why Is Crime Falling — Or Is It?

Michael A. Fletcher, High Incarceration Rate May Fuel Community Crime

Charles Terry, From C-Block to Academia: You Can’t Get There From Here

Jamison Colburn, A New Suit by Farmers Against the DEA Illustrates Why the War on Drugs Should Not Include a War on Hemp

Chapter 2: A Crime by Any Other Name…

Editors’ introduction

David Barstow, When Workers Die: U.S. Rarely Seeks Charges for Death in Workplace

Anthony J. Sebok, The U.K.'s ‘Corporate Manslaughter’ Statute: British Versus American Approaches to Making Firms Responsible for Deaths Resulting from Gross Negligence

Atul Gawande, The Checklist

David Michaels, Popcorn Lung Coming to Your Kitchen? The FDA Doesn’t Want to Know

David Barboza, Death Sentences in Chinese Milk Case

David Barboza, Ex-Chief of China Food and Drug Unit Sentenced to Death for Graft

Chapter 3:  …and the Poor Get Prison

Editors’ introduction

Devah Pager and Bruce Western, Race at Work: Realities of Race and Criminal Record in the New York City Job Market

David A. Harris, Why It Matters: The Connection Of ‘Driving While Black’ To Other Issues Of Criminal Justice And Race

Adam Liptak, Illegal Globally, Bail for Profit Remains in U.S.

Paul Leighton Ebbers, 25 Year Sentence for WorldCom Fraud Upheld. Good.

Barry Ritholtz,  A Memo Found in the Street: Uncle Sam The Enabler

Transcript of This American Life,  The Giant Pool of Money

Matt Apuzzo, They Warned Us: US was told to 'expect foreclosures, expect horror stories'

Chapter 4: To the Vanquished Belong the Spoils

Editors’ introduction

Glenn C. Loury, Why Are So Many Americans in Prison?

Jeffrey Reiman, The Moral Ambivalence of Crime in an Unjust Society

Paul Butler, Much Respect: Toward a Hip-Hop Theory of Punishment

Robert Johnson, Wheel of Torture

Conclusion:  Criminal Justice or Criminal Justice

Editors’ introduction

Alfred Blumstein and Alex Piquero, Restore Rationality to Sentencing Policy

John Braithwaite, Encourage Restorative Justice

Francis Cullen, Make Rehabilitation Corrections’ Guiding Paradigm

Brandon Welsh and David Farrington, Save Children from a Life of Crime

    Crime Control in America

    A Crime by Any other Name...

    ...and the Poor get Prison

    To the Vanquished belong the Spoils

    Criminal Justice or Criminal  Justice

Professors who use the best-selling book written by Reiman and Leighton, The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison , now in a ninth edition,  have frequently asked for a reader. Where appropriate, articles have been edited to highlight the parts most relevant for the thesis of The Rich Get Richer.

This book of readings can be used stand-alone, or as an accompaniment to the main text. 

PART I) THE STUDY OF RELIGION:

1) What is Religion?

2) Ways of Studying Religion

 
PART II) UNIVERSAL FORMS OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE AND EXPRESSION

3) The Sacred and the Holy
4) Sacred Symbol, Myth, and Doctrine

5) Sacred Ritual
6) Sacred Scripture
7) Society and the Sacred: The Social Formations and Transformations of Religion

PART III) UNIVERSAL COMPONENTS OF A RELIGIOUS WORLDVIEW
8) Deity: Concepts of the Divine and Ultimate Reality
9) Cosmogony: Origins of the Natural and Social Order
10) Views of the Human Problem
11) Theodicy: Encountering Evil

12) Ethics: Patterns of Moral Action

13) Soteriology: Ways and Goals of Salvation and Liberation

PART IV) THE SACRED AND THE SECULAR IN MODERNITY

14) Secularization - New Religious Revitalization Movements - COntemporary Religious Fundamentalism

15) Contemporary Challenges to Traditional Religion: The Status and the Roles of Women - Relations Between Religion and the State

This comprehensive text introduces students to the nature and variety of religious phenomena, belief, and practice.  It shows the  ways religion is studied, a cross-cultural study of the variety of history forms of religious belief and practice, such as deity conceptions at the divine myth, ritual scripture, rites of passage, views of the human problem evil, and the ways and goals of an examination of the challenges faced by religion today.

Classical: Instrumental

               Orchestra

               Chamber Music

                Solo Recital

Classical: Vocal

              Solo Recital

              Choral

              Religious Choir

              Opera

              Popular Musical Theater

              Jazz & Rock

                        Concert Hall

                        Club

                        Festivals

              Folk, Traditional, and World

2. Discovering Opportunities to Hear Music

                 Newspapers/Arts Sections

                 Specialized Publications

                 Radio

             Website

             Mailing Lists

             Season Subscriptions

             Box Offices

             Saving Money (Student Rush, etc.)

             Open Rehearsals

             Special Needs/Assistance (Handicap access, hearing impaired, etc.)

3. Classical Instrumental Performances

                    Preparing for the Concert

                    What to Bring

                    The Program: How to Use It

                    Types of Pieces

                    Basic Terminology

                    Etiquette and Behavior

     When to Applaud

4. Opera

          Preparation: Learning the Story 

          The Program: How to Use It

          Why Aren’t Operas Sung in English? 

          Supertitles and Other Aids

          Special Demands of Opera Singing

          Maximizing Your Enjoyment

5. Popular Musical Theater

         Preparation

         Original Productions vs. Revivals

         The Program: How to Use It

         Etiquette and Behavior

 Festivals: Survival Strategies

6. Rock and Jazz

   Preparation

         Surviving Nightclubs and Bars

         Protecting Your Ears

         Etiquette and Behavior

         Festivals: Survival Strategies

7. Folk, World, and Traditional

   Understanding Different Cultures

   Preparing for the Concert

   Surviving Coffeehouses and Clubs

   Etiquette and Behavior

8. Writing About What You Hear

        Taking Notes During Performances

        Using the Program

        Weighing Audience Reaction

        Evaluating Musical Performances

Glossary

Bibliography/Webography

Appendix

Concert Venues in Major University Towns

1        Writers, Readers, and Communities

a.          Academic, Public, and Work Communities

b.          Analyzing Electronic Communities

c.          Myths and Realities about Writing

2        Discovering and Planning

a.          Discovering Topics

b.          Generating Ideas

c.          Organizing Information

d.          Planning in Digital Environments

3        Purpose, Thesis, and Audience

a.          Identifying Your Focus and Purpose 

b.          Creating a Thesis

c.          Understanding Your Readers

4        Drafting

a.          Moving from Planning to Drafting

b.          Drafting Collaboratively

c.          Drafting  in Digital Environments

5        Revising, Editing, and Proofreading

a.          Making Major Revisions

b.          Making Minor Revisions

c.          Revising Collaboratively

d.          Revising in Digital Environments

e.          Editing

f.          Editing Collaboratively

g.         Proofreading

6        Paragraphs

a.          Unfocused Paragraphs

b.          Revising for Focus

c.          Incoherent Paragraphs

d.          Revising for Coherence

e.          Poorly Developed Paragraphs

f.           Revising for Development

g.          Using Special-Purpose Paragraphs

7       Clear and Emphatic Sentences

a.         Unclear Sentences

b.         Revising for  Clear Sentences

c.         Revising for Variety and Emphasis

Part 2  Critical Reading, Thinking, and Argument

8       Reasoning Critically

a.         Recognizing Critical Reasoning

b.         Building a Chain of Reasoning

c.         Representing Your Reasoning

9       Reading Critically

a.         Reading to Understand

b.         Reading to Respond and Evaluate

c.         Using Journals to Turn Reading into Writing

10      Arguing Persuasively

a.         Recognizing an Issue

b.         Developing Your Stance

c.         Creating an Argumentative Thesis

d.         Developing Reasons and Evidence

e.         Acknowledging Other Perspectives

f.          Arguing Logically

g.         Writing a Position Paper

11     Creating a Visual Argument

a.         Presenting an Issue

b.         Providing Evidence

Part 3  Presenting Your Work

12     Designing Documents

a.         Goals of Document Design

b.         Format Choice

c.         Layout

d.         Type Choice

e.         Visuals

f.          Sample Documents

13     Writing in Online Communities

a.         Online Expectations

b.         E-mail Conventions

c.         Online Communities

d.         Web Pages

e.         Avoiding Plagiarism and Behaving Ethically Online

14     Speaking Effectively

a.         Oral Presentations

b.         Preparing an Oral Presentation

c.         Managing Speech Anxiety

d.         Fielding Questions

Part 4  Writing for Specific Communities

15     Academic Writing: General Education

a.         Goals of General Academic Writing

b.         General Academic Audiences

c.         General Academic Writing Tasks

d.         Types of General Academic Writing

e.         Summary

f.          Annotated Bibliography

g.         Literature Review

h.         Essay Exam

i.          Short Documented Paper

j.          Review

k.         Position Paper

l.          Oral Presentation

16     Academic Writing: Humanities and Literature

a.         Goals of Writing in the Humanities

b.         Audiences in the Humanities

c.         Writing Tasks in the Humanities

d.         Types of Writing in the Humanities

e.         Ways of Reading Literary Texts

f.          Literary Text Analysis

g.         Visual Text Analysis

17     Academic Writing: Social and Natural Sciences

a.         Goals of Writing in the Social and Natural Sciences

b.         Audiences in the Social and Natural Sciences

c.         Writing Tasks in the Social and Natural Sciences

d.         Types of Writing in the Social and Natural Sciences

e.         Abstract

f.          Informative Report

g.         Lab Report

h.         Research Report

18      Public Writing

 a.         Goals of Public Writing

 b.         Public Audiences

 c.         Public Writing Tasks

 d.         Types of Public Writing

 e.         Public Flyer

 f.          Letter to the Editor

 g.         Oral Presentation

19     Workplace Writing

a.         Goals of Workplace Writing

b.         Workplace Audiences

c.         Workplace Writing Tasks

d.         Types of Workplace Writing

e.         Business Letter

f.          Memo

g.         Résumé and Application Letter

h.         Oral Presentation

Part 5  Researching and Writing

20     Getting Started: Researching and Writing

a.          Beginning Your Research

b.         Types of Research Writing

c.         Developing a Research Question

d.         Developing a Preliminary Thesis

e.         Creating a Research File and a Timeline

f.         Reading and Notetaking

g.         Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Synthesizing

21     Library Resources and Research Databases

a.         Developing a Search Strategy and Working Bibliography

b.         Searching Library Resources and Databases

c.         General Resources

d.         Books and Online Catalogs

e.         Periodicals, Print or Electronic Indexes, and Government Documents

f.         Online Databases

g.         Evaluating Library Sources

22     Web and Internet Resources

a.         Developing a Web and Internet Search Strategy

b.         Search Engines

c.         Web Sites and Internet Resources

d.         Evaluating Web and Internet Sources

23     Fieldwork

a.         Interviewing

b.         Surveying, Polling, or Using Questionnaires

c.         Conducting an Ethnographic Study

d.         Obtaining Consent and Approval for Research on Human Subjects

24     Avoiding Plagiarism and Integrating Sources

 a.        Recognizing Plagiarism

 b.        The Problem of Intention

 c.        Recognizing When to Document Sources

 d.        Working with Common Knowledge

 e.        Citing Sources Responsibly

 f.         Citing Sources in Context

 g.        Integrating Sources for a Specific Purpose

 h.        Quoting Sources

 i.         Integrating Information and Ideas

 j.          Working with Common Knowledge

25     Writing, Revising, and Presenting Your Research

a.         Reviewing Your Research Questions

b.         Reviewing Your Purpose

c.         Building from a Thesis to a Draft

d.         Revising and Editing

e.         Presenting Your Research

Part 6  Documenting Sources: MLA Style

26     MLA Documentation Style

a.         MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Citations

b.         MLA List of Works Cited

c.         Sample MLA Paper

Part 7  Documenting Sources: APA Style

27     APA Documentation Style

a.         APA In-Text Citations

b.         APA Reference List

c.         Sample APA Paper

Part 8  Documenting Sources: CMS and CSE Style

28     CMS Documentation Style

a.        Using CMS Endnotes or Footnotes

b.        Creating CMS Endnotes or Footnotes

c.        Creating a CMS Bibliography

d.        Sample CMS Paper

29     CSE Documentation Style

a.         CSE In-Text Citations

b.         CSE Reference List

c.         Sample CSE Paper

Part 9  Grammar

30     Words Working in Sentences

a.         Nouns and Articles

b.         Pronouns

c.         Verbs

d.         Adjectives

e.         Adverbs

f.          Prepositions

g.         Conjunctions

h.         Interjections

31     Sentence Parts and Patterns

a.         Subjects and Predicates

b.         Phrases

c.         Subordinate Clauses

d.         Different Types of Sentences

32     Using Verbs

a.         Simple Present and Past Tense Verbs

b.         Editing Present Tense Verbs

c.         Editing Past Tense Verbs

d.         Complex Tenses and Helping Verbs

e.         Editing Progressive and Perfect Tenses

f.          Editing Troublesome Verbs (lie, lay, sit, set)

g.        Clear Tense Sequence

h.         Subjunctive Mood

i.          Active and Passive Voice

33     Using Pronouns

a          Pronoun Forms

b.         Editing Common Pronoun Forms

a.         Agreement

b.        Creating Simple Subject-Verb Agreement

c.         Creating Complex Subject-Verb Agreement

d.         Creating Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

35     Using Adjectives and Adverbs

a.         What Adjectives and Adverbs Do

b.         Editing Adjectives and Adverbs

Part 10  Sentence Problems

36     Sentence Fragments

a.         Sentence Fragments

b.         Editing Sentence Fragments

c.         Using Partial Sentences

37     Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

a.         Comma Splices

b.         Fused Sentences

c.         Editing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

38     Creating Pronoun Reference

a.         Unclear Pronoun Reference

b.         Editing for Clear Pronoun Reference

39     Misplaced, Dangling, and Disruptive Modifiers

a.         Misplaced, Dangling, and Disruptive Modifiers

b.         Editing Misplaced, Dangling, and Disruptive Modifiers

40     Making Shifts Consistent

a.         Shifts in Person and Number

b.         Shifts in Tense and Mood

c.         Shifts in Active or Passive Voice

d.         Shifts Between Direct and Indirect Quotations

41     Mixed and Incomplete Sentences

a.         Mixed Sentences

b.         Editing Mixed Sentences

c.         Incomplete Sentences

42     Parallelism

a.         Faulty Parallelism

b.         Editing for Parallelism

43     Coordination and Subordination

 a.        Creating Coordination

 b.        Creating Subordination

 c.         Editing Coordination and Subordination

Part 11  Words and Style

44     Being Concise

 a.        Common Types of Wordiness

 b.        Editing for Conciseness

45     Choosing Appropriate Words

a.         Demands of Context and Purpose

b.         Editing for Precise Diction

46     Using Respectful Language

a.         Home and Community Language Varieties

b.        Gender Stereotypes

c.         Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Stereotypes

47     Style, Vocabulary, and Dictionaries

a.         Style and Community

b.         Language Expectations

c.         Language Resources for Writers

d.         The Dictionary and the Thesaurus

Part 12  Punctuation, Mechanics, and Spelling

48     Commas

 a.         Joining Sentences

 b.         Setting Off Sentence Elements

 c.         Setting Off Nonessential Modifiers

 d.         Separating Items in a Series

 e.         Separating Adjectives in a Sequence

 f.          Dates, Numbers, Addresses, Place Names, People’s Titles, and Letters

 g.         Commas with Quotations

 h.         Commas to Make Your Meaning Clear

 i.          Eliminating Commas that Do Not Belong

49      Semicolons and Colons

a.          Semicolons

b.          Colons

50     Apostrophes

a.         Apostrophes that Mark Possession

b.         Apostrophes that Mark Contractions and Omissions

51     Marking Quotations

a.         Using Quotation Marks

b.         Titles of Short Works

c.         Highlighting Words, Special Terms, and Tone of Voice

52     Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points

a.         Periods

b.         Question Marks

c.         Exclamation Points

53     Other Punctuation Marks

a.         Parentheses

b.         Brackets

c.         Dashes

d.         Ellipses

e.         Slashes

f.          Symbols in Electronic Addresses

g.         Combining Punctuation Marks

54     Capitalizing

a.         Capitalizing to Begin Sentences

b.         Capitalizing Proper Names and Titles

55     Italicizing (Underlining)

a.         Italics (Underlining) in Titles

b.         Italics for Specific Terms

c.         Underlining for Emphasis

56     Hyphenating

a.         Hyphenating to Join Words

b.         Hyphenating to Divide Words

57     Using Numbers

a.         Spelling Out Numbers

b.         Using Numerals

58     Abbreviating

a.         Familiar Abbreviations

b.         Proofreading for Appropriate Abbreviations

59     Spelling

a.         Starting with Your Spell Checker

b.         Watching for Common Patterns of Misspelling  

c.         Proofreading for Commonly Misspelled Words

60     Assessing Writing

a.         Assessing Your Own Writing

b.         Assessing Your Peers’ Writing

c.         How People Assess your Writing

d.         Assessing Writing for Portfolios

Glossary of Usage

Index

The journey to better grades starts here.

With easy-to-understand answers to the questions you have about grammar, the writing process, the research process, and documentation, The Longman Writer’s Companion, Fourth Edition, will help you succeed in any course that calls for writing and research. With a distinctive focus on writing for different audiences–academic, public, and workplace–The Longman Writer’s Companion will enable you to communicate more effectively, while its superior support for writing across the curriculum and its up-to-date documentation coverage will help you get better grades in all your courses.

The new edition offers the following critical enhancements to help you succeed:

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PART 1 PLANNING, DRAFTING, AND REVISING

1 Think as a Writer

            1a Think about the process of communication

            1b Think about how to persuade others

1c Think about your audience

            1d Think about your credibility

            1e Think about your purpose

2 Plan and Draft

            2a Think about the expectations of college readers

2b Establish your goals

            2c Explore your topic

            2d Write a working thesis

2e Plan a strategy

            2f Compose a draft

            2g Write as a member of a team

3 Compose Paragraphs

            3a Focus your paragraphs

            3b Organize your paragraphs

            3c Make your paragraphs coherent

            3d Consider paragraph length

            3e Link across paragraphs

            3f Write effective beginning and ending paragraphs

4 Rewrite, Edit, and Proofread

            4a Switch from writer to reader

            4b Learn strategies for rewriting

            4c Respond to other writers’ drafts

            4d Edit for particular goals

            4e Proofread carefully

            4f Learn to edit the writing of others

PART 2 WRITING FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES

5 Read and View with a Critical Eye

            5a Become a critical reader

            5b Read actively

            5c Recognize verbal fallacies

            5d Become a critical viewer

            5e Recognize visual fallacies

6 Write to Analyze

            6a Understand the goal of a rhetorical analysis

            6b Analyze the context and the text

            6c Organize and write a rhetorical analysis

            6d Sample rhetorical analysis

            6e Analyze images and other visual texts

7 Write to Reflect

            7a Find a reflective topic

            7b Identify a focus

            7c Organize and write a reflection

            7d Sample reflective essay

8 Write to Inform

            8a Find an informative topic

            8b Narrow your topic and write a thesis

            8c Organize and write an informative essay

            8d Sample informative essay

9 Write Arguments

            9a Position arguments and proposal arguments

9b Find an arguable topic

            9c Make an arguable claim

9d Organize and write a position argument

            9e Sample position argument

            9f Organize and write a proposal argument

            9g Sample proposal arguments

PART 3 WRITING IN THE DISCIPLINES

10 Learn to Write in Academic Disciplines

            10a Become an academic writer

            10b What counts as evidence in the disciplines?

11 Write in Specific Genres

            11a Write an essay examination

            11b Write an observation

            11c Write a case study

            11d Write a lab report in the sciences

            11e Write a letter of application

            11f Write a résumé

12 Write about Literature

            12a Become a critical reader of literature

            12b Develop an interpretation

            12c Write a literary analysis

            12d Sample literary analysis

PART 4 DESIGNING AND PRESENTING

13 Communicate with Words, Images, and Graphics

            13a Write in multimedia

            13b Think about verbal and visual relationships

            13c Know where images and graphics work best

            13d Know where words work best

14 Design for Print and the Screen

            14a Start with your readers

            14b Design pages

            14c Choose type

14d Compose images

14e Edit images

14f Create tables, charts, and graphs

14g Design a Web site

15 Design Presentations

            15a Plan a presentation

            15b Design visuals for a presentation

            15c Deliver an effective presentation

PART 5 RESEARCHING

16 Plan Your Research

16a Analyze the research task

16b Find a topic

16c Determine what kind of research you need

16d Draft a working thesis

16e Start a working bibliography

17 Find and Evaluate Sources in Databases

17a Know the strengths of database sources

17b Find information in databases

17c Construct effective database searches

17d Evaluate database sources

17e Locate elements of a citation in database sources

18 Find and Evaluate Sources on the Web

18a Know the strengths and weaknesses of Web sources

18b Find reliable Web sources

18c Construct effective Web searches

18d Find visual sources online

18e Evaluate Web sources

18f Locate elements of a citation in Web sources

19 Find and Evaluate Print Sources

19a Know the strengths of print sources

19b Find books

19c Find journal articles

19d Evaluate print sources

19e Locate elements of a citation in print sources

20 Plan Field Research

20a Know what you can obtain from field research

20b Conduct interviews

20c Administer surveys

20d Make observations

21 Incorporate Sources and Avoid Plagiarism

21a Understand the purposes of sources

21b Incorporate sources

21c Avoid plagiarism

21d Quote sources without plagiarizing

21e Summarize and paraphrase sources without plagiarizing

22 Write and Revise the Research Project

22a Revisit your research

22b Plan your organization

22c Write a draft

22d Select and introduce quotations

22e Review your draft

22f Revise, revise, revise

PART 6 DOCUMENTING

Five Steps for Documenting Sources

            1 Which documentation style do I use?

            2 What kind of source am I using?

            3 When do I cite sources?

            4 How do I cite a source in my paper?

            5 How do I cite sources at the end of my paper?

23 MLA Documentation

            23a In-text citations in MLA style

            23b Books in MLA-style works cited

            23c Journals and magazines

            23d Newspapers

            23e Government documents, pamphlets, dissertations, and letters

            23f Library database publications

            23g Online publications

            23h CD-ROM, software, and unedited online sources

            23i Visual sources

            23j Multimedia sources

            23k Informational notes

23l Sample research paper with MLA documentation

24 APA Documentation

            24a In-text citations in APA style

            24b Books and nonperiodical sources in the APA-style references list

            24c Periodical sources

            24d Online sources

            24e Visual, computer, and multimedia sources

            24f Sample paper with APA documentation

25 CMS Documentation

            25a Books and nonperiodical sources in CMS-style citations

            25b Periodical sources

            25c Online and computer sources

            25d Multimedia sources

            25e Sample pages with CMS documentation

26 CSE Documentation

            26a In-text citations in CSE style

            26b Books and nonperiodical sources in CSE-style references

            26c Periodical sources

            26d Online sources

            26e Sample pages with CSE documentation

PART 7 EFFECTIVE STYLE AND LANGUAGE

27 Write with Power

27a Pay attention to verbs

27b Stay active

27c Find agents

27d Vary your sentences

27e Give your writing personality

28 Write Concisely

28a Eliminate unnecessary words

28b Reduce wordy phrases

28c Simplify tangled sentences

29 Write with Emphasis

29a Manage emphasis in sentences

29b Forge links across sentences

29c Use parallel structure with parallel ideas

29d Use parallel structure with lists

29e Use parallel structure in paragraphs

30 Find the Right Words

30a Be aware of levels of formality

30b Be aware of denotation and connotation

30c Use specific language

30d Use effective figurative language

31 Write to Be Inclusive

31a Be aware of stereotypes

31b Be inclusive about gender

31c Be inclusive about race and ethnicity

31d Be inclusive about other differences

31e Recognize international varieties of English

PART 8 UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR

32 Grammar Basics

            32a Sentence basics

            32b Word classes

            32c Clauses

            32d Phrases

            32e Sentence types

33 Fragments, Run-ons, and Comma Splices

            33a Fragments

            33b Run-on sentences

            33c Comma splices

34 Subject-Verb Agreement

            34a Agreement in the present tense

            34b Singular and plural subjects

            34c Indefinite pronouns as subjects

            34d Collective nouns as subjects

            34e Inverted word order

            34f Amounts, numbers, and pairs

35 Verbs

            35a Basic verb forms

            35b Irregular verbs

            35c Transitive and intransitive verbs

            35d Shifts in tense

            35e Shifts in mood

36 Pronouns

            36a Pronoun case

            36b Pronoun agreement

            36c Problems with pronouns and gender

            36d Vague reference

37 Modifiers

            37a Choose the correct modifier

            37b Place adjectives carefully

            37c Place adverbs carefully

            37d Revise disruptive modifiers

            37e Revise dangling modifiers

PART 9 UNDERSTANDING PUNCTUATION AND MECHANICS

38 Commas

            38a Commas with introductory elements

            38b Commas with compound clauses

            38c Commas with nonrestrictive modifiers

            38d Commas with items in a series

            38e Commas with coordinate adjectives

            38f Commas with quotations

            38g Commas with dates, numbers, titles, and addresses

38h Commas to avoid confusion

            38i Unnecessary commas

39 Semicolons and Colons

            39a Semicolons with closely related main clauses

            39b Semicolons together with commas

            39c Colons in sentences

            39d Colons with lists

40 Hyphens

            40a Hyphens with compound modifiers

            40b Hyphens with compound nouns

            40c Hyphens that divide words at the ends of lines

            40d Hyphens for clarity

41 Dashes and Parentheses

            41a Dashes and parentheses versus commas

            41b Dashes and parentheses to set off information

            41c Other punctuation with parentheses

            41d Other punctuation with dashes

42 Apostrophes

            42a Possessives

            42b Contractions and omitted letters

            42c Plurals of letters, symbols, and words referred to as words

43 Quotation Marks

            43a Direct quotations

            43b Titles of short works

            43c Other uses of quotation marks

            43d Misuses of quotation marks

            43e Other punctuation with quotation marks

44 Other Punctuation Marks

            44a Periods

            44b Question marks

            44c Exclamation points

            44d Brackets

            44e Ellipses

            44f Slashes

45 Write with Accurate Spelling

            45a Know the limitations of spelling checkers

            45b Distinguish homonyms

46 Capitalization and Italics

            46a Capital letters

            46b Italics

47 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers

            47a Abbreviations

            47b Acronyms

            47c Numbers

PART 10 IF ENGLISH IS NOT YOUR FIRST LANGUAGE

48 Write in a Second Language

            48a Understand the demands of writing in a second language

            48b Use your native language as a resource

            48c Use dictionaries

            48d Understand English idioms

49 Nouns, Articles, and Prepositions

            49a Kinds of nouns

            49b Count and noncount nouns

            49c Singular and plural forms

            49d Articles

            49e Prepositions

50 Verbs

            50a Types of verbs

            50b Be verbs

            50c Modal auxiliary verbs

            50d Verbs and infinitives

            50e Verbs and -ing verbals

            50f Conditional sentences

            50g Participial adjectives

            50h Phrasal verbs

51 English Sentence Structure

            51a Subjects

            51b English word order

            51c Placement of modifiers

51d Adjectives with prepositions

Glossary of Grammatical Terms and Usage

Index to Exercises

Index

The third edition does this with enhanced visual examples, a new section on writing across the curriculum, more student samples than ever, and expanded documentation coverage including a new five-step guide to the documentation process. Research coverage has also been augmented to acknowledge that students begin their research online rather than in the library, and new “staying on track” boxes have been added to help students check themselves and avoid getting lost in the writing process.

PART 1 PLANNING, DRAFTING, AND REVISING

1 Think as a Writer

            1a Think about the process of communication

            1b Think about how to persuade others

1c Think about your audience

            1d Think about your credibility

            1e Think about your purpose

2 Plan and Draft

            2a Think about the expectations of college readers

2b Establish your goals

            2c Explore your topic

            2d Write a working thesis

2e Plan a strategy

            2f Compose a draft

            2g Write as a member of a team

3 Compose Paragraphs

            3a Focus your paragraphs

            3b Organize your paragraphs

            3c Make your paragraphs coherent

            3d Consider paragraph length

            3e Link across paragraphs

            3f Write effective beginning and ending paragraphs

4 Rewrite, Edit, and Proofread

            4a Switch from writer to reader

            4b Learn strategies for rewriting

            4c Respond to other writers’ drafts

            4d Edit for particular goals

            4e Proofread carefully

            4f Learn to edit the writing of others

PART 2 WRITING FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES

5 Read and View with a Critical Eye

            5a Become a critical reader

            5b Read actively

            5c Recognize verbal fallacies

            5d Become a critical viewer

            5e Recognize visual fallacies

6 Write to Analyze

            6a Understand the goal of a rhetorical analysis

            6b Analyze the context and the text

            6c Organize and write a rhetorical analysis

            6d Sample rhetorical analysis

            6e Analyze images and other visual texts

7 Write to Reflect

            7a Find a reflective topic

            7b Identify a focus

            7c Organize and write a reflection

            7d Sample reflective essay

8 Write to Inform

            8a Find an informative topic

            8b Narrow your topic and write a thesis

            8c Organize and write an informative essay

            8d Sample informative essay

9 Write Arguments

            9a Position arguments and proposal arguments

9b Find an arguable topic

            9c Make an arguable claim

9d Organize and write a position argument

            9e Sample position argument

            9f Organize and write a proposal argument

            9g Sample proposal arguments

PART 3 WRITING IN THE DISCIPLINES

10 Learn to Write in Academic Disciplines

            10a Become an academic writer

            10b What counts as evidence in the disciplines?

11 Write in Specific Genres

            11a Write an essay examination

            11b Write an observation

            11c Write a case study

            11d Write a lab report in the sciences

            11e Write a letter of application

            11f Write a résumé

12 Write about Literature

            12a Become a critical reader of literature

            12b Develop an interpretation

            12c Write a literary analysis

            12d Sample literary analysis

PART 4 DESIGNING AND PRESENTING

13 Communicate with Words, Images, and Graphics

            13a Write in multimedia

            13b Think about verbal and visual relationships

            13c Know where images and graphics work best

            13d Know where words work best

14 Design for Print and the Screen

            14a Start with your readers

            14b Design pages

            14c Choose type

14d Compose images

14e Edit images

14f Create tables, charts, and graphs

14g Design a Web site

15 Design Presentations

            15a Plan a presentation

            15b Design visuals for a presentation

            15c Deliver an effective presentation

PART 5 RESEARCHING

16 Plan Your Research

16a Analyze the research task

16b Find a topic

16c Determine what kind of research you need

16d Draft a working thesis

16e Start a working bibliography

17 Find and Evaluate Sources in Databases

17a Know the strengths of database sources

17b Find information in databases

17c Construct effective database searches

17d Evaluate database sources

17e Locate elements of a citation in database sources

18 Find and Evaluate Sources on the Web

18a Know the strengths and weaknesses of Web sources

18b Find reliable Web sources

18c Construct effective Web searches

18d Find visual sources online

18e Evaluate Web sources

18f Locate elements of a citation in Web sources

19 Find and Evaluate Print Sources

19a Know the strengths of print sources

19b Find books

19c Find journal articles

19d Evaluate print sources

19e Locate elements of a citation in print sources

20 Plan Field Research

20a Know what you can obtain from field research

20b Conduct interviews

20c Administer surveys

20d Make observations

21 Incorporate Sources and Avoid Plagiarism

21a Understand the purposes of sources

21b Incorporate sources

21c Avoid plagiarism

21d Quote sources without plagiarizing

21e Summarize and paraphrase sources without plagiarizing

22 Write and Revise the Research Project

22a Revisit your research

22b Plan your organization

22c Write a draft

22d Select and introduce quotations

22e Review your draft

22f Revise, revise, revise

PART 6 DOCUMENTING

Five Steps for Documenting Sources

            1 Which documentation style do I use?

            2 What kind of source am I using?

            3 When do I cite sources?

            4 How do I cite a source in my paper?

            5 How do I cite sources at the end of my paper?

23 MLA Documentation

            23a In-text citations in MLA style

            23b Books in MLA-style works cited

            23c Journals and magazines

            23d Newspapers

            23e Government documents, pamphlets, dissertations, and letters

            23f Library database publications

            23g Online publications

            23h CD-ROM, software, and unedited online sources

            23i Visual sources

            23j Multimedia sources

            23k Informational notes

23l Sample research paper with MLA documentation

24 APA Documentation

            24a In-text citations in APA style

            24b Books and nonperiodical sources in the APA-style references list

            24c Periodical sources

            24d Online sources

            24e Visual, computer, and multimedia sources

            24f Sample paper with APA documentation

25 CMS Documentation

            25a Books and nonperiodical sources in CMS-style citations

            25b Periodical sources

            25c Online and computer sources

            25d Multimedia sources

            25e Sample pages with CMS documentation

26 CSE Documentation

            26a In-text citations in CSE style

            26b Books and nonperiodical sources in CSE-style references

            26c Periodical sources

            26d Online sources

            26e Sample pages with CSE documentation

PART 7 EFFECTIVE STYLE AND LANGUAGE

27 Write with Power

27a Pay attention to verbs

27b Stay active

27c Find agents

27d Vary your sentences

27e Give your writing personality

28 Write Concisely

28a Eliminate unnecessary words

28b Reduce wordy phrases

28c Simplify tangled sentences

29 Write with Emphasis

29a Manage emphasis in sentences

29b Forge links across sentences

29c Use parallel structure with parallel ideas

29d Use parallel structure with lists

29e Use parallel structure in paragraphs

30 Find the Right Words

30a Be aware of levels of formality

30b Be aware of denotation and connotation

30c Use specific language

30d Use effective figurative language

31 Write to Be Inclusive

31a Be aware of stereotypes

31b Be inclusive about gender

31c Be inclusive about race and ethnicity

31d Be inclusive about other differences

31e Recognize international varieties of English

PART 8 UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR

32 Grammar Basics

            32a Sentence basics

            32b Word classes

            32c Clauses

            32d Phrases

            32e Sentence types

33 Fragments, Run-ons, and Comma Splices

            33a Fragments

            33b Run-on sentences

            33c Comma splices

34 Subject-Verb Agreement

            34a Agreement in the present tense

            34b Singular and plural subjects

            34c Indefinite pronouns as subjects

            34d Collective nouns as subjects

            34e Inverted word order

            34f Amounts, numbers, and pairs

35 Verbs

            35a Basic verb forms

            35b Irregular verbs

            35c Transitive and intransitive verbs

            35d Shifts in tense

            35e Shifts in mood

36 Pronouns

            36a Pronoun case

            36b Pronoun agreement

            36c Problems with pronouns and gender

            36d Vague reference

37 Modifiers

            37a Choose the correct modifier

            37b Place adjectives carefully

            37c Place adverbs carefully

            37d Revise disruptive modifiers

            37e Revise dangling modifiers

PART 9 UNDERSTANDING PUNCTUATION AND MECHANICS

38 Commas

            38a Commas with introductory elements

            38b Commas with compound clauses

            38c Commas with nonrestrictive modifiers

            38d Commas with items in a series

            38e Commas with coordinate adjectives

            38f Commas with quotations

            38g Commas with dates, numbers, titles, and addresses

38h Commas to avoid confusion

            38i Unnecessary commas

39 Semicolons and Colons

            39a Semicolons with closely related main clauses

            39b Semicolons together with commas

            39c Colons in sentences

            39d Colons with lists

40 Hyphens

            40a Hyphens with compound modifiers

            40b Hyphens with compound nouns

            40c Hyphens that divide words at the ends of lines

            40d Hyphens for clarity

41 Dashes and Parentheses

            41a Dashes and parentheses versus commas

            41b Dashes and parentheses to set off information

            41c Other punctuation with parentheses

            41d Other punctuation with dashes

42 Apostrophes

            42a Possessives

            42b Contractions and omitted letters

            42c Plurals of letters, symbols, and words referred to as words

43 Quotation Marks

            43a Direct quotations

            43b Titles of short works

            43c Other uses of quotation marks

            43d Misuses of quotation marks

            43e Other punctuation with quotation marks

44 Other Punctuation Marks

            44a Periods

            44b Question marks

            44c Exclamation points

            44d Brackets

            44e Ellipses

            44f Slashes

45 Write with Accurate Spelling

            45a Know the limitations of spelling checkers

            45b Distinguish homonyms

46 Capitalization and Italics

            46a Capital letters

            46b Italics

47 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers

            47a Abbreviations

            47b Acronyms

            47c Numbers

PART 10 IF ENGLISH IS NOT YOUR FIRST LANGUAGE

48 Write in a Second Language

            48a Understand the demands of writing in a second language

            48b Use your native language as a resource

            48c Use dictionaries

            48d Understand English idioms

49 Nouns, Articles, and Prepositions

            49a Kinds of nouns

            49b Count and noncount nouns

            49c Singular and plural forms

            49d Articles

            49e Prepositions

50 Verbs

            50a Types of verbs

            50b Be verbs

            50c Modal auxiliary verbs

            50d Verbs and infinitives

            50e Verbs and -ing verbals

            50f Conditional sentences

            50g Participial adjectives

            50h Phrasal verbs

51 English Sentence Structure

            51a Subjects

            51b English word order

            51c Placement of modifiers

51d Adjectives with prepositions

Glossary of Grammatical Terms and Usage

Index

The design and approach of The Brief Penguin Handbook started with ideas and suggestions from real students, and thus it is uniquely successful when it comes to giving students the information they need in a format they will actually use.  With unique visual guides and models for writing, research, and documentation, distinctive coverage of writing for different purposes, and Lester Faigley’s clear, accessible explanations, The Brief Penguin Handbook has established itself as the best-selling handbook to enter the market in eighteen years.  The Third Edition of this extraordinary handbook continues to lead the market with complete new chapters on using database and Web sources, a new visual five-step guide to the documentation process, and updated and expanded documentation coverage.    New “process guides” for writing for different purposes, a new section on writing across the curriculum, and more student model documents than ever make this Third Edition the best resource for writing yet.  

PART 1 Planning, Drafting, and Revising

1 Think as a Writer

            a Think about the process of communication

            b Think about how to persuade others

c Think about your audience

            d Think about your credibility

            e Think about your purpose

            f Think about the complex demands of writing today

2 Plan and Draft

            a Think about the expectations of college readers

b Establish your goals

            c Explore your topic

            d Write a working thesis

e Plan a strategy

            f Compose a draft

            g Write as a member of a team

3 Compose Paragraphs

            a Focus your paragraphs

            b Organize your paragraphs

            c Make your paragraphs coherent

            d Consider paragraph length

            e Link across paragraphs

            f Write effective beginning and ending paragraphs

4 Rewrite, Edit, and Proofread

            a Switch from writer to reader

            b Learn strategies for rewriting

            c Respond to other writers’ drafts

            d Edit for particular goals

            e Proofread carefully

f Learn to edit the writing of others

PART 2 Writing for Different Purposes

5 Read and View with a Critical Eye

            a Become a critical reader

            b Read actively

            c Recognize verbal fallacies

            d Become a critical viewer

            e Recognize visual fallacies

6 Write to Analyze

            a Understand the goal of a rhetorical analysis

            b Analyze the context and the text

            c Organize and write a rhetorical analysis

            d Sample rhetorical analysis

            e Analyze images and other visual texts

7 Write to Reflect

            a Find a reflective topic

            b Identify a focus

            c Organize and write a reflection

            d Sample reflective essay

8 Write to Inform

            a Find an informative topic

            b Narrow your topic and write a thesis

c Organize and write an informative essay

            d Sample informative essay

9 Write Arguments

            a Position arguments and proposal arguments

b Find an arguable topic

            c Make an arguable claim

d Organize and write a position argument

            e Sample position argument

            f Organize and write a proposal argument

            g Sample proposal arguments

PART 3 Writing in the Disciplines

10 Learn to Write in Academic Disciplines

            a Become an academic writer

            b What counts as evidence in the disciplines?

11 Write in Specific Genres

            a Write an essay exam

            b Write an observation

            c Write a case study

            d Write a lab report

            e Write a letter of application

            f Write a résumé

12 Write about Literature

            a Become a critical reader of literature

            b Develop an interpretation

            c Write a literary analysis

            d Sample literary analysis

PART 4 Designing and Presenting

13 Communicate with Words, Images, and Graphics

            a Write in multimedia

            b Think about verbal and visual relationships

            c Know where images and graphics work best

            d Know where words work best

14 Design for Print and the Screen

            a Start with your readers

            b Design pages

            c Choose type

d Compose images

e Edit images

f Create tables, charts, and graphs

g Design a Web site

15 Design Presentations

            a Plan a presentation

            b Design visuals for a presentation

            c Deliver an effective presentation

PART 5 Researching

16 Plan Your Research

a Analyze the research task

b Find a topic

c Determine what kind of research you need

d Draft a working thesis

e Start a working bibliography

17 Find and Evaluate Sources in Databases

a Know the strengths of database sources

b Find information in databases

c Construct effective database searches

d Evaluate database sources

e Locate elements of a citation in database sources

18 Find and Evaluate Sources on the Web

a Know the strengths and weaknesses of Web sources

b Find reliable Web sources

c Construct effective Web searches

d Find visual sources online

e Evaluate Web sources

f Locate elements of a citation in Web sources

19 Find and Evaluate Print Sources

a Know the strengths of print sources

b Find books

c Find journal articles

d Evaluate print sources

e Locate elements of a citation in print sources

20 Plan Field Research

a Know what you can obtain from field research

b Conduct interviews

c Administer surveys

d Make observations

21 Incorporate Sources and Avoid Plagiarism

a Understand the purposes of sources

b Incorporate sources

c Avoid plagiarism

d Quote sources without plagiarizing

e Summarize and paraphrase sources without plagiarizing

22 Write and Revise the Research Project

a Revisit your research

b Plan your organization

c Write a draft

d Select and introduce quotations

e Review your draft

f Revise, revise, revise

PART 6 Documenting

Five Steps for Documenting Sources

            1 Which documentation style do I use?

            2 What kind of source am I using?

            3 When do I cite sources?

            4 How do I cite a source in my paper?

            5 How do I cite sources at the end of my paper?

23 MLA Documentation

            a In-text citations in MLA style

            b Books in MLA-style works cited

            c Journals and magazines

            d Newspapers

            e Government documents, pamphlets, dissertations, and letters

            f Library database publications

            g Online publications

            h CD-ROM, software, and unedited online sources

            i Visual sources

            j Multimedia sources

            k Informational notes

l Sample research paper with MLA documentation

24 APA Documentation

            a In-text citations in APA style

            b Books and nonperiodical sources in the APA-style references list

            c Periodical sources

            d Online sources

            e Visual, computer, and multimedia sources

            f Sample research paper with APA documentation

25 CMS Documentation

            a Books and nonperiodical sources in CMS-style citations

            b Periodical sources

            c Online and computer sources

            d Multimedia sources

            e Sample pages with CMS documentation

26 CSE Documentation

            a In-text references in CSE style

            b Books and nonperiodical sources in CSE-style references

            c Periodical sources

            d Online sources

            e Sample pages with CSE documentation

PART 7 Effective Style and Language

27 Write with Power

a Pay attention to verbs

b Stay active

c Find agents

d Vary your sentences

e Give your writing personality

28 Write Concisely

a Eliminate unnecessary words

b Reduce wordy phrases

c Simplify tangled sentences

29 Write with Emphasis

a Manage emphasis in sentences

b Forge links across sentences

c Use parallel structure with parallel ideas

d Use parallel structure with lists

e Use parallel structure in paragraphs

30 Find the Right Words

a Be aware of levels of formality

b Be aware of denotation and connotation

c Use specific language

d Use effective figurative language

31 Write to Be Inclusive

a Be aware of stereotypes

b Be inclusive about gender

c Be inclusive about race and ethnicity

d Be inclusive about other differences

e Recognize international varieties of English

PART 8 Understanding Grammar

32 Grammar Basics

            a Sentence basics

            b Word classes

            c Clauses

            d Phrases

            e Sentence types

33 Fragments, Run-ons, and Comma Splices

a Fragments

            b Run-on sentences

            c Comma splices

34 Subject-Verb Agreement

            a Agreement in the present tense

            b Singular and plural subjects

            c Indefinite pronouns as subjects

            d Collective nouns as subjects

            e Inverted word order

            f Amounts, numbers, and pairs

35 Verbs

            a Basic verb forms

            b Irregular verbs

            c Transitive and intransitive verbs

            d Shifts in tense

            e Shifts in mood

36 Pronouns

            a Pronoun case

            b Pronoun agreement

            c Problems with pronouns and gender

            d Vague reference

37 Modifiers

            a Choose the correct modifier

            b Place adjectives carefully

            c Place adverbs carefully

            d Revise disruptive modifiers

            e Revise dangling modifiers

PART 9 Understanding Punctuation and Mechanics

38 Commas

            a Commas with introductory elements

            b Commas with compound clauses

            c Commas with nonrestrictive modifiers

            d Commas with items in a series

            e Commas with coordinate adjectives

            f Commas with quotations

            g Commas with dates, numbers, titles, and addresses

h Commas to avoid confusion

            i Unnecessary commas

39 Semicolons and Colons

            a Semicolons with closely related main clauses

            b Semicolons together with commas

            c Colons in sentences

            d Colons with lists

40 Hyphens

            a Hyphens with compound modifiers

            b Hyphens with compound nouns

            c Hyphens that divide words at the ends of lines

            d Hyphens for clarity

41 Dashes and Parentheses

            a Dashes and parentheses versus commas

            b Dashes and parentheses to set off information

            c Other punctuation with parentheses

            d Other punctuation with dashes

42 Apostrophes

            a Possessives

            b Contractions and omitted letters

            c Plurals of letters, symbols, and words referred to as words

43 Quotation Marks

            a Direct quotations

            b Titles of short works

            c Other uses of quotation marks

            d Misuses of quotation marks

            e Other punctuation with quotation marks

44 Other Punctuation Marks

            a Periods

            b Question marks

            c Exclamation points

            d Brackets

            e Ellipses

            f Slashes

45 Write with Accurate Spelling

            a Know the limitations of spelling checkers

            b Distinguish homonyms

            c Learn spelling rules

46 Capitalization and Italics

            a Capital letters

            b Italics

47 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers

            a Abbreviations

            b Acronyms

            c Numbers

PART 10 If English Is Not Your First Language

48 Write in a Second Language

            a Understand the demands of writing in a second language

            b Use your native language as a resource

            c Use dictionaries

            d Understand English idioms

49 Nouns, Articles, and Prepositions

            a Kinds of nouns

            b Count and noncount nouns

            c Singular and plural forms

            d Articles

            e Prepositions

50 Verbs

            a Types of verbs

            b Be verbs

            c Modal auxiliary verbs

            d Verbs and infinitives

            e Verbs and -ing verbals

            f Conditional sentences

            g Participial adjectives

            h Phrasal verbs

51 English Sentence Structure

            a Subjects

            b English word order

            c Placement of modifiers

Glossary of Grammatical Terms and Usage

Index

With a highly visual design, unique coverage of visual rhetoric and visual literacy, superior coverage of technology, and distinctive coverage of writing for different purposes, the first edition established itself as the best-selling handbook to enter the market in fifteen years.  The third edition of this extraordinary handbook with enhanced visual examples and coverage, completely revised and expanded documentation chapters, cutting edge coverage of language issues, and much more.

PART 1 Planning, Drafting, and Revising

1 Think as a Writer

            a Think about the process of communication

            b Think about how to persuade others

c Think about your audience

            d Think about your credibility

            e Think about your purpose

            f Think about the complex demands of writing today

2 Plan and Draft

            a Think about the expectations of college readers

b Establish your goals

            c Explore your topic

            d Write a working thesis

e Plan a strategy

            f Compose a draft

            g Write as a member of a team

3 Compose Paragraphs

            a Focus your paragraphs

            b Organize your paragraphs

            c Make your paragraphs coherent

            d Consider paragraph length

            e Link across paragraphs

            f Write effective beginning and ending paragraphs

4 Rewrite, Edit, and Proofread

            a Switch from writer to reader

            b Learn strategies for rewriting

            c Respond to other writers’ drafts

            d Edit for particular goals

            e Proofread carefully

f Learn to edit the writing of others

PART 2 Writing for Different Purposes

5 Read and View with a Critical Eye

            a Become a critical reader

            b Read actively

            c Recognize verbal fallacies

            d Become a critical viewer

            e Recognize visual fallacies

6 Write to Analyze

            a Understand the goal of a rhetorical analysis

            b Analyze the context and the text

            c Organize and write a rhetorical analysis

            d Sample rhetorical analysis

            e Analyze images and other visual texts

7 Write to Reflect

            a Find a reflective topic

            b Identify a focus

            c Organize and write a reflection

            d Sample reflective essay

8 Write to Inform

            a Find an informative topic

            b Narrow your topic and write a thesis

c Organize and write an informative essay

            d Sample informative essay

9 Write Arguments

            a Position arguments and proposal arguments

b Find an arguable topic

            c Make an arguable claim

d Organize and write a position argument

            e Sample position argument

            f Organize and write a proposal argument

            g Sample proposal arguments

PART 3 Writing in the Disciplines

10 Learn to Write in Academic Disciplines

            a Become an academic writer

            b What counts as evidence in the disciplines?

11 Write in Specific Genres

            a Write an essay exam

            b Write an observation

            c Write a case study

            d Write a lab report

            e Write a letter of application

            f Write a résumé

12 Write about Literature

            a Become a critical reader of literature

            b Develop an interpretation

            c Write a literary analysis

            d Sample literary analysis

PART 4 Designing and Presenting

13 Communicate with Words, Images, and Graphics

            a Write in multimedia

            b Think about verbal and visual relationships

            c Know where images and graphics work best

            d Know where words work best

14 Design for Print and the Screen

            a Start with your readers

            b Design pages

            c Choose type

d Compose images

e Edit images

f Create tables, charts, and graphs

g Design a Web site

15 Design Presentations

            a Plan a presentation

            b Design visuals for a presentation

            c Deliver an effective presentation

PART 5 Researching

16 Plan Your Research

a Analyze the research task

b Find a topic

c Determine what kind of research you need

d Draft a working thesis

e Start a working bibliography

17 Find and Evaluate Sources in Databases

a Know the strengths of database sources

b Find information in databases

c Construct effective database searches

d Evaluate database sources

e Locate elements of a citation in database sources

18 Find and Evaluate Sources on the Web

a Know the strengths and weaknesses of Web sources

b Find reliable Web sources

c Construct effective Web searches

d Find visual sources online

e Evaluate Web sources

f Locate elements of a citation in Web sources

19 Find and Evaluate Print Sources

a Know the strengths of print sources

b Find books

c Find journal articles

d Evaluate print sources

e Locate elements of a citation in print sources

20 Plan Field Research

a Know what you can obtain from field research

b Conduct interviews

c Administer surveys

d Make observations

21 Incorporate Sources and Avoid Plagiarism

a Understand the purposes of sources

b Incorporate sources

c Avoid plagiarism

d Quote sources without plagiarizing

e Summarize and paraphrase sources without plagiarizing

22 Write and Revise the Research Project

a Revisit your research

b Plan your organization

c Write a draft

d Select and introduce quotations

e Review your draft

f Revise, revise, revise

PART 6 Documenting

Five Steps for Documenting Sources

            1 Which documentation style do I use?

            2 What kind of source am I using?

            3 When do I cite sources?

            4 How do I cite a source in my paper?

            5 How do I cite sources at the end of my paper?

23 MLA Documentation

            a In-text citations in MLA style

            b Books in MLA-style works cited

            c Journals and magazines

            d Newspapers

            e Government documents, pamphlets, dissertations, and letters

            f Library database publications

            g Online publications

            h CD-ROM, software, and unedited online sources

            i Visual sources

            j Multimedia sources

            k Informational notes

l Sample research paper with MLA documentation

24 APA Documentation

            a In-text citations in APA style

            b Books and nonperiodical sources in the APA-style references list

            c Periodical sources

            d Online sources

            e Visual, computer, and multimedia sources

            f Sample research paper with APA documentation

25 CMS Documentation

            a Books and nonperiodical sources in CMS-style citations

            b Periodical sources

            c Online and computer sources

            d Multimedia sources

            e Sample pages with CMS documentation

26 CSE Documentation

            a In-text references in CSE style

            b Books and nonperiodical sources in CSE-style references

            c Periodical sources

            d Online sources

            e Sample pages with CSE documentation

PART 7 Effective Style and Language

27 Write with Power

a Pay attention to verbs

b Stay active

c Find agents

d Vary your sentences

e Give your writing personality

28 Write Concisely

a Eliminate unnecessary words

b Reduce wordy phrases

c Simplify tangled sentences

29 Write with Emphasis

a Manage emphasis in sentences

b Forge links across sentences

c Use parallel structure with parallel ideas

d Use parallel structure with lists

e Use parallel structure in paragraphs

30 Find the Right Words

a Be aware of levels of formality

b Be aware of denotation and connotation

c Use specific language

d Use effective figurative language

31 Write to Be Inclusive

a Be aware of stereotypes

b Be inclusive about gender

c Be inclusive about race and ethnicity

d Be inclusive about other differences

e Recognize international varieties of English

PART 8 Understanding Grammar

32 Grammar Basics

            a Sentence basics

            b Word classes

            c Clauses

            d Phrases

            e Sentence types

33 Fragments, Run-ons, and Comma Splices

a Fragments

            b Run-on sentences

            c Comma splices

34 Subject-Verb Agreement

            a Agreement in the present tense

            b Singular and plural subjects

            c Indefinite pronouns as subjects

            d Collective nouns as subjects

            e Inverted word order

            f Amounts, numbers, and pairs

35 Verbs

            a Basic verb forms

            b Irregular verbs

            c Transitive and intransitive verbs

            d Shifts in tense

            e Shifts in mood

36 Pronouns

            a Pronoun case

            b Pronoun agreement

            c Problems with pronouns and gender

            d Vague reference

37 Modifiers

            a Choose the correct modifier

            b Place adjectives carefully

            c Place adverbs carefully

            d Revise disruptive modifiers

            e Revise dangling modifiers

PART 9 Understanding Punctuation and Mechanics

38 Commas

            a Commas with introductory elements

            b Commas with compound clauses

            c Commas with nonrestrictive modifiers

            d Commas with items in a series

            e Commas with coordinate adjectives

            f Commas with quotations

            g Commas with dates, numbers, titles, and addresses

h Commas to avoid confusion

            i Unnecessary commas

39 Semicolons and Colons

            a Semicolons with closely related main clauses

            b Semicolons together with commas

            c Colons in sentences

            d Colons with lists

40 Hyphens

            a Hyphens with compound modifiers

            b Hyphens with compound nouns

            c Hyphens that divide words at the ends of lines

            d Hyphens for clarity

41 Dashes and Parentheses

            a Dashes and parentheses versus commas

            b Dashes and parentheses to set off information

            c Other punctuation with parentheses

            d Other punctuation with dashes

42 Apostrophes

            a Possessives

            b Contractions and omitted letters

            c Plurals of letters, symbols, and words referred to as words

43 Quotation Marks

            a Direct quotations

            b Titles of short works

            c Other uses of quotation marks

            d Misuses of quotation marks

            e Other punctuation with quotation marks

44 Other Punctuation Marks

            a Periods

            b Question marks

            c Exclamation points

            d Brackets

            e Ellipses

            f Slashes

45 Write with Accurate Spelling

            a Know the limitations of spelling checkers

            b Distinguish homonyms

            c Learn spelling rules

46 Capitalization and Italics

            a Capital letters

            b Italics

47 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers

            a Abbreviations

            b Acronyms

            c Numbers

PART 10 If English Is Not Your First Language

48 Write in a Second Language

            a Understand the demands of writing in a second language

            b Use your native language as a resource

            c Use dictionaries

            d Understand English idioms

49 Nouns, Articles, and Prepositions

            a Kinds of nouns

            b Count and noncount nouns

            c Singular and plural forms

            d Articles

            e Prepositions

50 Verbs

            a Types of verbs

            b Be verbs

            c Modal auxiliary verbs

            d Verbs and infinitives

            e Verbs and -ing verbals

            f Conditional sentences

            g Participial adjectives

            h Phrasal verbs

51 English Sentence Structure

            a Subjects

            b English word order

            c Placement of modifiers

Glossary of Grammatical Terms and Usage

Index

With a highly visual design, unique coverage of visual rhetoric and visual literacy, superior coverage of technology, and distinctive coverage of writing for different purposes, the first edition established itself as the best-selling handbook to enter the market in fifteen years.  The third edition of this extraordinary handbook with enhanced visual examples and coverage, completely revised and expanded documentation chapters, cutting edge coverage of language issues, and much more.

Preface for Instructors

I. THE WRITING PROCESS

1. Assessing the Writing Situation

a. Understanding how writing happens

b. Analyzing the writing situation

c. Discovering and limiting a subject

d. Considering the audience

e. Defining a purpose

2. Developing and Shaping Ideas

a. Discovering ideas

b. Developing a thesis

c. Organizing ideas

Sample essay 

3. Drafting and Revising

a. Writing the first draft

b. Revising the first draft

c. Examining a sample revision

d. Editing the revised draft

e. Preparing and proofreading the final draft

f. Examining a final draft

Sample essay 

g. Giving and receiving comments

h. Preparing a writing portfolio

4. Writing and Revising Paragraphs

a. Maintaining paragraph unity

b. Achieving paragraph coherence

c. Developing the paragraph

d. Writing special kinds of paragraphs

e. Linking paragraphs in the essay

5. Designing Documents

a. Designing academic papers and other documents

b. Considering principles of design

c. Using the elements of design

d. Using illustrations

e. Considering readers with disabilities

II. READING AND WRITING IN COLLEGE

6. Writing in Academic Situations

a. Becoming an academic writer

b. Analyzing audience

c. Determining purpose

d. Choosing structure and content

e. Using academic language

7. Studying Effectively and Taking Exams

a. Managing your time

b. Listening and taking notes in class

c. Reading for comprehension

d. Preparing for and taking exams

Sample essay exams

8. Forming a Critical Perspective

a. Thinking and reading critically

b. Viewing images critically

c. Writing critically

Sample critique of a text

Sample critique of an image

9. Reading Arguments Critically

a. Recognizing the elements of argument

b. Testing claims

c. Weighing evidence

d. Discovering assumptions

e. Watching language, hearing tone

f. Judging reasonableness

g. Recognizing fallacies

10. Writing an Argument

a. Finding a subject

b. Conceiving a thesis statement

c. Analyzing your purpose and your audience

d. Using reason

e. Using evidence

f. Reaching your readers

g. Organizing your argument

h. Revising your argument

i. Examining a sample argument

11. Reading and Using Visual Arguments

a. Reading visual arguments critically

b. Using visual arguments effectively

III. GRAMMATICAL SENTENCES

12. Understanding Sentence Grammar

a. Understanding the basic sentence

b. Expanding the basic sentence with single words

c. Expanding the basic sentence with word groups

d. Compounding words, phrases, and clauses

e. Changing the usual order of the sentence

f. Classifying sentences

13. Case of Nouns and Pronouns

a. Compound subjects and complements

b. Compound objects

c. We or us with a noun

d. Appositives

e. Pronoun after than or as in a comparison

f. Subjects and objects of infinitives

g. Who vs. whom

h. Case before a gerund

14. Verbs

Verb Forms

a. Regular and irregular verbs

b. Sit and set; lie and lay; rise and raise

c. Omitted –s and –ed endings

d. Helping verbs

e. Verb plus gerund or infinitive

f. Verb plus particle

Tense

g. Appropriate tense for meaning

h. Sequence of tenses

Mood

i. Subjunctive verb forms

Voice

j. Active vs. passive voice

15. Agreement

a. Agreement between subject and verb

b. Agreement between pronoun and antecedent

16. Adjectives and Adverbs

a. Adjectives only with nouns and pronouns

b. Adjectives with linking verbs

c. Adjectives with objects; adverbs with verbs

d. Comparative and superlative forms

e. Double negatives

f. Overuse of nouns as modifiers

g. Present and past participles as adjectives

h. A, an, the, and other determiners

IV. CLEAR SENTENCES

17. Sentence Fragments

a. Tests for sentence completeness; revision of fragments

b. Subordinate clause

c. Verbal or prepositional phrase

d. Other fragments

e. Acceptable uses of incomplete sentences

18. Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

Comma Splices

a. Main clauses not joined by coordinating conjunction

b. Main clauses related by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression

Fused Sentences

c. Main clauses with no conjunction or punctuation

19. Pronoun Reference

a. Clear reference to one antecedent

b. Clear placement of pronoun and antecedent

c. Reference to specific antecedent

d. Indefinite use of it and they

e. Indefinite use of you

f. Clear use of it

g. Appropriate use of relative pronouns

20. Shifts

a. Person and number

b. Tense and mood

c. Subject and voice

d. Indirect and direct quotations and questions

21. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

Misplaced Modifiers

a. Clear placement of modifiers

b. Limiting modifiers

c. Squinting modifiers

d. Separation of subjects, verbs, and objects

e. Separation of parts of infinitives or verb phrases

f. Position of adverbs

g. Order of adjectives

Dangling modifiers

h. Dangling modifiers

22. Mixed and Incomplete Sentences

Mixed Sentences

a. Mixed grammar

b. Mixed meaning (faulty predication)

Incomplete Sentences

c. Compound constructions

d. Comparisons

e. Careless omissions

V. EFFECTIVE SENTENCES

23. Emphasizing Ideas

a. Using subjects and verbs effectively

b. Using sentence beginnings and endings

c. Arranging parallel elements effectively

d. Repeating ideas

e. Separating ideas

f. Being concise

24. Using Coordination and Subordination

a. Coordinaing to relate equal ideas

b. Subordinating to distinguish main ideas

c. Choosing clear connectors

25. Using Parallelism

a. Using parallelism for coordinate elements

b. Using parallelism to increase coherence

26. Achieving Variety

a. Varying sentence length and structure

b. Varying sentence beginnings

c. Inverting the normal word order

d. Mixing types of sentences

VI. PUNCTUATION

Chart

 

27. End Punctuation

a. The period

b. The question mark

c. The exclamation point

28. The Comma

a. Main clauses linked by coordinating conjunction

b. Introductory elements

c. Nonessential elements

d. Absolute phrases

e. Phrases expressing contrast

f. Series and coordinate adjectives

g. Dates, addresses, place names, long numbers

h. With quotations

i. To prevent misreading

j. Misuse and overuse

29. The Semicolon

a. Main clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction

b. Main clauses related by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression

c. Long or internally punctuated main clauses

d. Long or internally punctuated series items

e. Misuse and overuse

30. The Apostrophe

a. Posessive case

b. Misuse with noun plurals, verbs, and personal pronouns

c. Contractions

d. Plurals of abbreviations, dates, and words or characters named as words

31. Quotation Marks

Chart

a. Direct quotations

b. Quotation within a quotation

c. Dialog

d. Titles of songs, short stories, and so on

e. Words used in a special sense

f. Overuse

g. Placement with other quotation marks

32. Other Punctuation Marks

a. The colon

b. The dash

c. Parentheses

d. Brackets

e. The ellipsis mark

f. The slash

VII. MECHANICS

33. Capitals

a. First word of a sentence

b. Titles of works

c. Pronoun I and interjection O

d. Proper nouns and adjectives

e. Titles before proper names

f. Misuses of capitals

34. Underlining or Italics

a. Underlining vs. italics

b. Titles of books and periodicals

c. Names of ships, aircraft, spacecraft, trains

d. Foreign words and phrases

e. Words, letters, and numbers named as words

f. For emphasis

g. In online communication

35. Abbreviations

a. Titles before and after proper names

b. Familiar abbreviations and acronyms

c. BC, AD, AM, PM, no., and $

d. Latin abbreviations

e. Inc., Bros., Co., and &

f. Misuse with units of measurement, geographical names, and so on

36. Numbers

a. Numerals vs. words

b. For dates, addresses, and so on

c. Beginning sentences

VIII. EFFECTIVE WORDS

37. Using Appropriate Language

a. Revising nonstandard dialect

b. Using regionalisms only when appropriate

c. Using slang only when appropriate

d. Using colloquial language only when appropriate

e. Revising neologisms

f. Using technical words with care

g. Revising indirect or pretentious writing

h. Revising sexist and other biased language

38. Using Exact Language

a. Using the right word for your meaning

b. Balancing the abstract and concrete, the general and specific

c. Using idioms

d. Using figurative language

e. Using fresh expressions

39. Writing Concisely

a. Focusing on subject and verb

b. Cutting or shortening empty words and phrases

c. Cutting unnecessary repetition

d. Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words

e. Eliminating there is and it is constructions

f. Combining sentences

g. Rewriting jargon

40. Using Dictionaries

a. Choosing a dictionary

b. Working with a dictionary’s contents

41. Spelling and the Hyphen

a. Recognizing typical spelling problems

b. Following spelling rules

c. Developing spelling skills

d. Using the hyphen to form or divide words

IX. RESEARCH WRITING

42. Planning a Research Project

a. Starting out

b. Finding a researchable subject and question

c. Developing a research strategy

d. Making a working, annotated bibliography

43. Finding Sources

a. Searching electronically

b. Finding reference works

c. Finding books

d. Finding periodicals

e. Finding sources on the Web

f. Finding other online sources

g. Finding government publications

h. Finding images

i. Generating your own sources

44. Working with Sources

a. Evaluating sources

b. Synthesizing sources

c. Mining and interacting with sources

d. Using summary, paraphrase, and quotation

e. Integrating sources into your text

45. Avoiding Plagiarism and Documenting Sources

a. Committing and detecting plagiarism on the Internet

b. Knowing what you need not acknowledge

c. Knowing what you must acknowledge

d. Using and acknowledging online sources

e. Documenting sources

46. Writing the Paper

a. Developing a thesis statement

b. Creating a structure

c. Drafting the paper

d. Revising and editing the paper

e. Preparing and proofreading the final draft

47. Using MLA Documentation and Format

a. Using MLA in-text citations

b. Preparing the MLA list of works cited

c. Understanding abbreviations

d. Using MLA document format

48. Two Research Papers in MLA Style

“Closing the Digital Divide”

“Annie Dillard’s Healing Vision”

X. WRITING IN THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES 

49. Working with the Goals and Requirements of the Disciplines

a. Using methods and evidence 

b. Understanding writing assignments 

c. Using tools and language 000

d. Following styles for source citations and document format 

50. Reading and Writing About Literature 

a. Using the methods and evidence of literary analysis 

b. Understanding writing assignments in literature 

c. Using the tools and language of literary analysis 

d. Citing sources and formatting documents in writing about literature 

e. Drafting and revising a literary analysis 

Sample analysis of a short story

f. Writing about fiction, poetry, and drama

Sample analaysis of a poem

Sample analysis of a play

51. Writing in Other Humanities 

a. Using the methods and evidence of the humanities 

b. Understanding writing assignments in the humanities 

c. Using the tools and language of the humanities 

d. Citing sources in Chicago style 

e. Formatting documents in Chicago style 

52. Writing in the Social Sciences 

a. Using the methods and evidence of the social sciences 

b. Understanding writing assignments in the social sciences 

c. Using the tools and language of the social sciences 

d. Citing sources in APA style 

e. Formatting documents in APA style 

f. Examining a sample social science paper 

53. Writing in the Natural and Applied Sciences 

a. Using the methods and evidence of the sciences 

b. Understanding writing assignments in the sciences 

c. Using the tools and language of the sciences 

d. Citing sources in CSE style 

e. Formatting documents in CSE style 

f. Examining a sample science paper 

XI. SPECIAL WRITING SITUATIONS 

54. Writing Online

a. Writing effective electronic mail

b. Collaborating online

c. Creating effective Web compositions

55. Public Writing

a. Writing business letters and memos

Sample letter and memo 

b. Writing a job application

Sample letter and résumés 

b. Writing reports and proposals

Sample report and proposal 

c. Writing for community work

Sample flyer, newsletter, and brochure 

56. Oral Presentations 

a. Writing and speaking 

b. Considering purpose and audience 

c. Organizing the presentation

d. Delivering the presentation 

Glossary of Usage

Glossary of Terms 

Index

Part One          A Handbook for Reading and Thinking in College 

1     Active Reading and Thinking Strategies

2     Vocabulary Building 

3     Thesis, Main Ideas, Supporting Details, and Transitions 

4     Organizational Patterns 

5     Making Inferences 

6    Critical Reading 

7     Organizing Ideas 

8     Improving and Adjusting Your Reading Rate 

9     Reading and Evaluating Electronic Sources 

Part Two       Readings for Academic Disciplines

Introduction to Reading Across the Disciplines

10    Social Sciences

11   Communication/Speech

12    Anthropology

13    Arts/Humanities/Literature

14    Public Policy/Contemporary Issues

15    Political Science/Government/ History

16    Business/Advertising/Economics

17    Technology/Computers

18    Health-Related Fields

19    Life Sciences

20    Physical Sciences/Mathematics

21    Workplace/Career Fields

Part THREE Textbook Chapter Readings

22    Psychology Textbook Chapter

Berk has published widely on the effects of school environments on children’s development, the development of private speech, and most recently, the role of makebelieve play in development. Her research has been funded by the U.S. Office of Education and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. It has appeared in many prominent journals, including Child Development, Developmental Psychology,Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Development and Psychopathology, and Early Childhood Research Quarterly. Her empirical studies have attracted the attention of the general public, leading to contributions to Psychology Today and Scientific American.

Berk has served as research editor for Young Children and consulting editor for Early Childhood Research Quarterly and the Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology. She is a frequent contributor to edited volumes on early childhood development, having recently authored chapters on the importance of parenting, on make-believe play and self-regulation, and on the kindergarten child. She has also written the chapter on development for The Many Faces of Psychological Research in the Twenty-First Century (Society for the Teaching of Psychology), the chapter on social development for The Chicago Companion to the Child, the article on Vygotsky for the Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, and the chapter on storytelling as a teaching strategy for Voices of Experience: Memorable Talks from the National Institute on the Teaching of Psychology (Association for Psychological Science). Berk’s books include Private Speech: From Social Interaction to Self-Regulation, Scaffolding Children’s Learning: Vygotsky and Early Childhood Education, and Landscapes of Development: An Anthology of Readings. In addition to Infants, Children, and Adolescents, she is author of the best-selling texts Child Development and Development Through the Lifespan, published by Allyn and Bacon. Her book for parents and teachers is Awakening Children’s Minds: How Parents and Teachers Can Make a Difference.

Berk is active in work for children’s causes. In addition to service in her home community, she is a member of the national board of directors of Jumpstart, a nonprofit organization that provides early literacy intervention to thousands of low-income preschoolers across the United States, using college and university students as interveners. Berk is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, Division, 7: Developmental Psychology.

1. History, Theory, and Applied Directions.

2. Research Strategies.

.

II. FOUNDATIONS OF DEVELOPMENT.

3. Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth.

4. Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities.

5. Physical Growth.

III. COGNITIVE AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT.

6. Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives.

7. Cognitive Development: An Information-Processing Perspective.

8. Intelligence.

9. Language Development.

IV. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT.

10. Emotional Development.

11. Self and Social Understanding.

12. Moral Development.

13. Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles.

V. CONTEXTS FOR DEVELOPMENT.

14. The Family.

15. Peers, Media, and Schooling.